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1.
Frederic Tournemaine 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):49-66
To examine the relationship between social aspirations, fertility choices and growth performances, we develop a R&D-based
model in which individuals care about the number of children they bring up and their social status. In such an economy, we
find that stronger status motives have a negative effect on growth. The reason is that individuals bring up fewer children,
as children are an obstacle to the achievement of their social status. Introducing an endogenous choice of quality for children,
we show that stronger status motives lead individuals to bring up fewer but higher quality children. In this case, social
aspirations heighten the desire of parents to substitute the quantity for the quality of children because education of children
fosters society’s productive ability, indirectly improving parents’ social status.
I would like to thank Michael Bleaney, Juntip Boonprakaikawe, Trudy Owens, Kaipichit Ruengsrichaiya, two anonymous referees,
and one editor of the review for their helpful comments and suggestions. I am grateful to the University of Nottingham (UK)
for its support during the redaction of this paper. 相似文献
2.
This paper takes as its central thesis Martha Nussbaum’s normative proposition that social arrangements should be evaluated
primarily according to the extent of freedom people have to promote or achieve functionings they value. Using this as a lens
the paper explores the housing circumstances of older people in the UK. The paper makes three points. Firstly, given that
people use their homes to structure and manage their lives, the design, quality and standard of their home is therefore a
critical factor in determining their “doings and beings” [Sen: 1992, Inequality Re-examined (Clarendon Press, Oxford) p. 40].
Since older people are more likely to spend greater time within the home through lower income, lessening mobility or loss
of companions, this may be of greater significance to them than other age groups. Secondly the paper argues that the design
of “specialist” dwellings for older people where there is a shifting balance between housing and care has played a part in
shaping the thinking about the position and status of older people as well as providing a material context in which older
people live [Laws: 1994, Environment and Planning A 26: pp. 1787–1802]. This paper suggests that this context may alter or
deny many aspects of life that may be meaningful to individuals and therefore may inhibit rather than promote human flourishing.
The paper draws mainly on a small qualitative study in which older people spoke of their home and its meaning. Quotations
from this work are given in italics. 相似文献
3.
Understanding the factors that drive individuals’ residential preferences is a critical issue in the study of racial segregation.
An important debate within this field is whether individuals—especially whites—prefer to live in predominantly white neighborhoods
because they wish to avoid the social problems that may be more likely to occur in predominantly black neighborhoods (i.e.,
the racial proxy hypothesis) or because of racial factors that go beyond these social class–related characteristics. Through
a multilevel analysis of data from the 2004–2005 Chicago Area Study and several administrative sources, we assess the extent
to which the racial proxy hypothesis describes neighborhood satisfaction among whites, African Americans, and Latinos living
across a broad range of neighborhood contexts. The racial proxy perspective applies weakly to whites’ satisfaction: whites
report less satisfaction in neighborhoods with more minority residents, and only some of their dissatisfaction can be attributed
to local social characteristics. The racial proxy hypothesis applies more strongly to blacks’ and Latinos’ satisfaction. In
some cases, especially for Latinos, higher levels of satisfaction in integrated neighborhoods can largely be attributed to
the fact that these places have better socioeconomic conditions and fewer social problems than predominantly minority communities.
At the same time, effects of racial/ethnic composition persist in unique and somewhat divergent ways for blacks and Latinos,
supporting the assertion that racial composition matters, above and beyond its relation to social class. Taken together, these
findings suggest that individuals balance both socioeconomic and race-related concerns in their residential preferences. 相似文献
4.
Gundi Knies 《Social indicators research》2012,106(3):471-489
A series of studies have suggested that changes in others’ income may be perceived differently in post-transition and capitalist
societies. This paper draws on the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP) matched with micro-marketing indicators of population
characteristics in very tightly drawn neighbourhoods to investigate whether reactions to changes in their neighbours’ income
divide the German nation. We find that the neighbourhood income effect for West Germany is negative (which is in line with
the ‘relative income’ hypothesis) and slightly more marked in neighbourhoods that may be assumed to be places where social
interactions between neighbours take place. In contrast, the coefficients on neighbourhood income in East Germany are positive
(which is consistent with the ‘signalling’ hypothesis), but statistically not significant. This suggests not only that there
is a divide between East and West Germany, but also that neighbours may not be a relevant comparison group in societies that
have comparatively low levels of neighbouring. 相似文献
5.
Olivia Patterson Frederick Weil Kavita Patel 《Population research and policy review》2010,29(2):127-141
We focus on the role that community plays in the continuum of disaster preparedness, response and recovery, and we explore
where community fits in conceptual frameworks concerning disaster decision-making. We offer an overview of models developed
in the literature as well as insights drawn from research related to Hurricane Katrina. Each model illustrates some aspect
of the spectrum of disaster preparedness and recovery, beginning with risk perception and vulnerability assessments, and proceeding
to notions of resiliency and capacity building. Concepts like social resilience are related to theories of “social capital,”
which stress the importance of social networks, reciprocity, and interpersonal trust. These allow individuals and groups to
accomplish greater things than they could by their isolated efforts. We trace two contrasting notions of community to Tocqueville.
On the one hand, community is simply an aggregation of individual persons, that is, a population. As individuals, they have
only limited capacity to act effectively or make decisions for themselves, and they are strongly subject to administrative
decisions that authorities impose on them. On the other hand, community is an autonomous actor, with its own interests, preferences,
resources, and capabilities. This definition of community has also been embraced by community-based participatory researchers
and has been thought to offer an approach that is more active and advocacy oriented. We conclude with a discussion of the
strengths and weaknesses of community in disaster response and in disaster research. 相似文献
6.
In exploring the quality of schools’ social system, this study provides insight into in which types of schools students may
encounter barriers in developing supportive teacher-student relationships because of teachers exposing low levels of trust
in students. Student culture and teachability perceptions are assessed as incentives for teachers’ perceptions of students’
trustworthiness. Information was gathered from 2,104 teachers across a representative sample of 84 secondary schools in Flanders
(Belgium). A measure for trust in students was derived from the trust scales developed by Hoy and Tschannen-Moran. Multilevel
analyses reveal that teacher perceptions of students’ teachability strongly predict teacher trust. This underscores the importance
of teacher perceptions of students’ ability to meet the expectations imposed on them with regard to the formation of trust.
Additionally, we show that teacher trust is affected by the organizational school context, although the academic orientation
of the student culture plays no role. 相似文献
7.
《Journal of homosexuality》2012,59(5):667-684
Based on the social construction perspective, this research aims to investigate how traditional cultural values may affect the way individuals interpret and negotiate with their minority sexual identity. Using an online survey questionnaire with a student sample of 149 Chinese lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, 2 elements of traditional Chinese culture were found to be associated with negative LGB identity among Chinese LGB students—namely, perceived parental attitudes toward marriage and participants' endorsements of filial piety values. In addition, the endorsement of filial piety moderated the relation between perceived parental attitudes toward marriage and LGB identity, such that the effect of parental attitude on LGB identity was only present among LGBs of high filial piety. This study suggests the importance of cultural values in shaping the way LGB individuals perceive their sexual identities. 相似文献
8.
Hunter LM 《Population research and policy review》2006,25(2):157-174
In many developing regions, women and young girls spend several hours daily in the collection of natural resources. Still the link between these household resource strategies and stakeholder perceptions of development priorities remains unexplored. This project examines this association with survey data representative of the adult population from Ghana’s Coastal Region. Although natural resource scarcity and the sustainability of resource use represent key development challenges, there are others (e.g., energy, sanitation, employment, and educational opportunities). As such, even in the face of natural resource scarcity, individuals may place greater importance on other dimensions of development, especially if household resource strategies are perceived as relatively efficient. The analytical focus here is on water and the results suggest that gender roles shape household water collection strategies, while also shaping these strategies’ perceived opportunity costs. Specifically, Ghanian adults more often see drinking water provision as their primary development need when water sources are distant and/or when male household members collect water (particularly male heads). In the end, I argue that social science inquiry benefits by contextualizing social dynamics within environmental context, particularly within cultural settings in which human subsistence is intimately tied to the state of the natural environment. 相似文献
9.
Knowing One’s Lot in Life Versus Climbing the Social Ladder: The Formation of Redistributive Preferences in Urban China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper examines, how individual preferences for redistribution in general and redistribution to improve access to education,
improve social protection for the poor, reduce income inequality and reduce unemployment depend on beliefs about what determines
one’s lot in life and self-assessed prospects for climbing the social ladder in urban China. We find that beliefs about what
determine one’s lot in life and subjective perceptions of future mobility are correlated with preferences for redistribution.
We find that those who believe one’s lot in life is outside their control are generally more likely to favour redistribution.
We show that this result is consistent with the existence of an altruism effect among the rich and entitlement effect among
the poor. These findings are robust to the inclusion of control variables for the respondent’s personal characteristics and
the location in which he or she lives. 相似文献
10.
Contrary to Bourdieu’s theory (Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard
University Press (1984)) that cultural consumption of so-called “high” versus popular culture is determined by socio-economic
class, Peterson (Poetics 21:243–258, 1992; Poetics 33:257–282, 2005) finds that higher income and education groups are more
likely to be “cultural omnivores”—consumers of a wide variety of both high and popular cultural goods. Omnivores were also
found to be much less likely to exclude other cultures and to be more open to, and tolerant of, the views of others than those
with narrower cultural tastes, called “cultural univores”. This article investigates the omnivore/univore hypothesis in a
South African context, using survey data collected from 500 attendees of live theatre performances at the National Arts Festival
in 2008. Multiple correspondence analysis (also called perceptual mapping) shows an interesting intermediate state between
Boudieu-like high culture univores and Peterson omnivores, which could have interesting implications for the development of
social tolerance in multi-cultural South Africa. 相似文献
11.
12.
Many studies have documented the benefits of religious involvement. Indeed, highly religious people tend to be healthier,
live longer, and have higher levels of subjective well-being. While religious involvement offers clear benefits to many, in
this paper we explore whether it may also be detrimental to some. Specifically, we examine in detail the relation between
religious involvement and subjective well-being. We first replicate prior findings showing a positive relation between religiosity
and subjective well-being. However, our results also suggest that this relation may be more complex than previously thought.
While fervent believers benefit from their involvement, those with weaker beliefs are actually less happy than those who do
not ascribe to any religion—atheists and agnostics. These results may help explain why—in spite of the well-documented benefits
of religion—an increasing number of people are abandoning their faith. As commitment wanes, religious involvement may become
detrimental to well-being, and individuals may be better off seeking new affiliations. 相似文献
13.
Mark R. Montgomery 《Population and development review》2000,26(4):795-819
In the demographic literature on developing countries, studies of mortality perceptions are conspicuous by their absence. Perhaps it has been assumed that when mortality declines, the decline will be quickly recognized by individuals and will then influence their demographic decisions. The possibility of substantial lags and biases in risk perception, which cause individual perceptions to diverge from the changing empirical realities, has not been much considered. Yet studies in cognitive and social psychology indicate that individual mortality perceptions are likely to be diffuse and may well be biased upward in relation to the declining empirical risks. If individuals are poorly equipped to recognize mortality decline, so too may be social groups—social learning will not necessarily correct individual misapprehensions. This note discusses the perceptual limitations that may delay recognition of mortality decline and examines the implications for demographic behavior in three areas: modern health care, fertility control, and children's schooling. 相似文献
14.
The plastic reproductive allocation of the cruciferous perennialRorippa indica in response to different degrees of feeding damage 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shuichi Yano 《Researches on Population Ecology》1993,35(2):349-359
Summary The degree of feeding damage in the wild to the cruciferous perennialRorippa indica (L.) Hieron ranged from 0% (not damaged) to 100% (heavily damaged). However, “not damaged” and “heavily damaged” individuals
did not differ in the relative suitability of their intrinsic traits forP. rapae, which caused the heaviest damage on the plant. Therefore, the different degrees of feeding damage may be due to variability
in the extrinsic traits of the plant, that is, it may be determined by the habitat conditions where individual plants exist.
Furthermore,R. indica allocated more resource to seed production at the expense of the roots when it was experimentally subjected to heavy leaf
damage. The result suggested thatR. indica individuals may escape, by means of seed dispersal and seed dormancy, from unfavorable habitats where they are heavily damaged
by herbivores. 相似文献
15.
This paper examines the relationship between working in the formal or informal sector and self-reported individual financial
satisfaction in a country in transition. It does so by allowing for individual heterogeneity in terms of perceived financial
insecurity and tax morale. The empirical analysis uses a dataset for Albania, a country in transition. The method applied
is the ‘self-administered questionnaire’, which combines personal contacts with written questionnaire. The results indicate
that, for most individuals, working in the informal sector has negative effects on their self reported financial satisfaction.
For some individuals, however, this effect is positive. The characteristic defining these two groups of individuals is their
attitude towards the perceived financial insecurity related to not paying taxes. These findings have important implications,
in particular for transition countries with large informal sectors. Given the involuntary participation in the informal sector
in these countries, the majority of individuals working in this sector will remain financially dissatisfied as long as they
have no other social safety net. 相似文献
16.
Individuals’ fertility decisions are shaped not only by their own characteristics and life course paths but also by social
interaction with others. However, in practice, it is difficult to disentangle the role of social interaction from other factors,
such as individual and family background variables. We measure social interaction through the cross-sibling influences on
fertility. Continuous-time hazard models are estimated separately for women’s first and second births. In addition to individual
socioeconomic variables, demographic variables, and an unobserved factor specific to each sibling pair, siblings’ birth events
and their timing enter as time-varying covariates. We use data from longitudinal population-wide Norwegian administrative
registers. The data cover more than 110,000 sibling pairs and include the siblings’ fertility, education, income, and marital
histories. Our results indicate that cross-sibling influences are relatively strong for the respondents’ first births but
weak for the second parity transition. 相似文献
17.
This study extends research on the relationship between wealth accumulation and union experiences, such as marriage and cohabitation.
Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we explore the wealth trajectories of married individuals
in light of their premarital cohabitation histories. Over time, marriage positively correlates with wealth accumulation. Most
married persons with a premarital cohabitation history have wealth trajectories that are indistinguishable from those without
cohabitation experience, with one exception: individuals who marry their one and only cohabiting partner experience a wealth
premium that is twice as large as that for married individuals who never cohabited prior to marrying. Results remain robust
over time despite cohabiters’ selection out of marriage, yet vary by race/ethnicity. We conclude that relationship history
may shape long-term wealth accumulation, and contrary to existing literature, individuals who marry their only cohabiting
partners experience a beneficial marital outcome. It is therefore important to understand the diversity of cohabitation experiences
among the married. 相似文献
18.
A great deal of research has focused on factors that may contribute to the Hispanic mortality paradox in the United States.
In this paper, we examine the role of the salmon bias hypothesis—the selective return of less-healthy Hispanics to their country
of birth—on mortality at ages 65 and above. These analyses are based on data drawn from the Master Beneficiary Record and
NUMIDENT data files of the Social Security Administration. These data provide the first direct evidence regarding the effect
of salmon bias on the Hispanic mortality advantage. Although we confirm the existence of salmon bias, it is of too small a
magnitude to be a primary explanation for the lower mortality of Hispanic than non-hispanic (NH)-White primary social security
beneficiaries. Longitudinal surveys that follow individuals in and out of the United States are needed to further explore
the role of migration in the health and mortality of foreign-born US residents and factors that contribute to the Hispanic
mortality paradox. 相似文献
19.
Proponents of social equality attribute low life satisfaction to income inequality in society, an inequality which occurs
when most people have relatively low income and only a few have high income. In contrast, range-frequency theory and other
social comparison theories predict that when most people have low income, they are satisfied because of the absence of relative
deprivation among themselves. This prediction essentially suggests that that the size of the group of individuals with comparable
income (i.e., income parity) sustains their life satisfaction. This theoretical prediction, however, does not consider their
desire to be distinctive. By incorporating the notion of optimal distinctiveness, the size of income parity may have a quadratic
effect on the individual’s life satisfaction. This is a hypothesis that receives support from the present study in Hong Kong,
China. The study finds a saddle point of income parity size associated with the lowest life satisfaction, other things being
equal. Furthermore, middle-income individuals have income parity size equal to or above this saddle point. They would have
higher life satisfaction with increased income parity size, which therefore leads to a more enlarged income inequality. Others,
however, may have higher life satisfaction with reduced income parity size. Hence, reducing income inequality would have mixed
effects on people with different levels of income.
相似文献
Chau-kiu CheungEmail: |
20.
Irene Lapuerta Pau Baizán María José González 《Population research and policy review》2011,30(2):185-210
This paper analyzes the extent to which individual characteristics, the workplace situation, and regional policies influence
the use and duration of parental leave in Spain. The research is based on a sample of 125,165 individuals, and 6,959 parental
leaves covered in the “Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales” (MCVL-2006). The MCVL consists of administrative register data,
which include information from three different sources: The social security system, municipal and income tax Registers. We
adopt a simultaneous equations approach to analyze the determinants of the use (logistic regression) and duration (event history
analysis) of parental leave, which allows us to control for endogeneity and censored observations. Our results suggest that
the Spanish parental leave scheme increases gender and social inequalities, insofar as it reinforces gender role specialization,
and only encourages the reconciliation of work and family life among workers with a good position in the labor market (educated
employees with a high and stable work status). 相似文献