重商主义与美国立国之关系浅析

美国的独立是北美殖民地重商主义经济发展的必然结果.北美殖民地经济的发展在一定程度上对母国的经济产生了威胁,由此导致了七年战争后英国对殖民地经济与政治政策的转变,而这一转变又直接导致殖民地上层人士对英国的不满,而英国政府政策的失误则直接导致了北美殖民地与母国的分道扬镳.     

美国独立运动起因新解

北美13个殖民地是英国人建立和管辖的海外领地,宗主国对其实行较为宽松的统治政策,从而使其获得了稳步而迅速的发展,并为其最终脱离英国取得独立奠定了基础。北美独立运动的直接导因并不是所谓的高压政策,而是殖民地居民主动谋求更大利益和独立发展的政治诉求。所以,从性质上说美国独立运动是一场政治分离运动。     

美国烟草海岸衰落原因探析

美国殖民地时期,在北美大西洋岸,有一个著名的＂烟草海岸＂,它以切萨皮克海湾为中心,包括弗吉尼亚、马里兰、北卡罗来纳等几个南部殖民地,以生产和出口烟草为主要的经济形式,甚至是经济支柱。但是在18世纪后期至19世纪初期却走向衰落,从此盛名不再。导致烟草海岸衰落的原因是多方面的,包括战争的沉重打击、黑人奴隶劳动力的减少、内部经营多样化的发展、烟草种植耗竭土壤肥力、工业革命的发生以及由此带来的棉花种植的兴盛等,使种植烟草利益降低,经济转型。     

18世纪的英法贸易竞争与1786年英法协定——重商主义的演进与嬗变

18世纪以来,英、法两国在经济发展的过程中,继续以传统的重商主义原则为指导,为争夺殖民地和海上霸权,进行了殊死斗争.同时在遍及于几大洲的贸易竞争中,两国各自实行的重商经济政策也在进行着演进与变化.它们最终突破了以往重商主义的模式,向近代资本主义的自由经济体制开始转变.这一转变的标志就是1786年英法两国签署的和平贸易协定.它是两国所实行重商主义经济体制变革过程中的关键性一步.这种尝试是结束敌对竞争、开放对外贸易的举措,在两国不啻引起轩然大波,对国内乃至对整个欧洲都产生了巨大的经济和政治影响.在竞争中取胜的英国,领先于法国发展,完善了本国的资本主义经济体制,并夺取了世界贸易的霸权地位.     

中国近代重商思潮的源流、特点及历史地位

中国近代重商思潮体现在早期资产阶级改良派的著述中,在理论上属于晚期重商主义的范畴。由于特定的历史和社会原因,中国近代重商思潮具有反侵略、反洋务派干预的特点。它对封建经济教条的批判、对促进近代经济思想的变革以及对中国资产阶级经济思想的形成所具有的意义,使它在中国经济思想发展史上占有重要地位。但是,在当时半殖民地半封建的社会条件下,这些重商主义理论既流于纸上谈兵,又未能引起清朝政府的重视,加上其理论的自身缺陷,因而对中国近代经济的影响十分有限。     

本是同根生——亚当·斯密与重商主义的关系研究

亚当.斯密拥护贸易自由,反对重商主义,似乎已成为学界常识。但通过对亚当.斯密著作的文本分析,结合当时英国发展的历史史实,可以确认亚当.斯密在一定程度上也是重商主义的信徒,自由贸易也并非由亚当.斯密首倡,而是重商主义的核心思想之一。亚当.斯密的思想是在适应时代发展的要求的基础上对重商主义思想的扬弃,两者属于同一个思想脉络。     

英帝国与美国革命初期的黑人军队——以南部殖民地为中心的考察(1775-1778)

美国革命初期,黑人军队问题在英帝国中心和英属北美的南部殖民地引起广泛关注.在弗吉尼亚殖民地,总督约翰.穆雷组建了一支黑人军队以镇压爱国者的政治叛乱.而在伦敦,囿于国内人民的反对和其他因素的制约,英帝国中央政府最终否决了组建黑人军队的提议,转而联合土著印第安人和白人效忠派.为了回应帝国中央政府所执行的政策,南部殖民地的爱国者试图阻止非洲奴隶反叛、白人效忠派起义和印第安人造反.详细考察黑人军队问题有助于我们认识南部殖民地在美国革命初期的特点、政治主体的多样性以及英帝国中心与南部殖民地在政治关系上的变化.     

殖民时期英法政治哲学和社会传统对东南亚的影响

英国和法国作为世界近现代历史上最大的两个殖民主义宗主国,它们的殖民扩张历史对殖民地国家的经济社会发展产生了重要的影响。英法两国不同的政治哲学和社会传统产生了两种不同的殖民指导思想,其差异严重影响着英法殖民地在殖民统治时期以及独立后的国家发展进程。在东南亚地区,英属马来和法属印支两块殖民地在英法殖民主义管理体制下不同的经济社会发展进程,反映出在不同政治哲学和社会传统影响下的两种殖民指导思想的差异性。了解近邻历史及其社会发展,对于中国发展东南亚各国关系具有重要的现实意义。     

中国近现代史研究的观点

近年来 ,在中国近现代史研究领域出现了许多观点 ,这些观点对战后整个亚洲历史的理解以及亚洲现代史的理解都有一定影响。中国近现代史研究方面出现这些动向有两个原因 :其一是前近代史研究的多角度化 ;其二是2 0世纪 70年代亚洲经济的发展对历史研究的影响。进入 2 0世纪后 ,世界曾被划分为帝国与殖民地 ,而亚洲被划为殖民地 ,历史学研究主要关注在帝国主义列强的统治之下亚洲如何成为殖民地半殖民地社会 ,研究主题主要为亚洲的民族运动、民族独立运动和民族国家的形成。2 0世纪 80年代东亚和东南亚经济的发展及社会变化 ,赋予了近现代史研…     

印度学者论殖民主义社会形态

印度著名历史学家比潘·钱德拉在一篇题为《殖民主义、殖民主义的各个发展阶段、以及殖民地国家》的文章中,结合印度的历史概括地论述了他对于有关殖民主义的理论和观点。首先,他认为殖民主义是一种社会形态,是与工业资本主义同时产生、发展的一种近代历史上的新现象。因此,殖民地一开始便具有二重性:“近代化”和“低水平的发展”。殖民主义不单纯是政治控制和殖民政策的问题,也不只是一种结构——殖民地国家,它是殖民地在经济和社会上,在近代历史发展过程中与世界资本主义结合在一起的一种完整的综合体系。     

The rise of living alone and loneliness in history

This article connects two current debates: the rise of single-person households or of ‘solitaries’, and the so-called ‘loneliness epidemic’. It raises questions about how these are associated, via social-science literature on loneliness as a social, contextual and subjective experience, and findings in that literature about the relevance of lone-person households. The article is concerned to explore the history of living alone as a form of family structure, via analysis of European, North American and Japanese pre-industrial and industrial listings of inhabitants, and the post-1851 British censuses to 2011. It also does this cartographically via British mapping of lone-person households in 1851, 1881, 1911 and 2011. It documents dramatic rise across many countries in single-person households during the twentieth century, notably since the 1960s. Many pre-industrial settlements had no single-person households, and the average was around 5 percent of households. The current western proportions of such households (e.g. 31 percent in the UK) are wholly unprecedented historically, even reaching to 60 percent or more of households in some modern European and North American cities. The discussion examines this trend – which has very wide ramifications – and raises issues about its relevance for modern problems of loneliness as a social and welfare concern.     

战后美国南部"文化危机"问题

美国有史以来,其南部一直是一个亚文化区域,走过了一条与其他地区十分不同的发展道路,有着自身独特的保守主义文化传统。二战以后,南部社会经历了深刻的变迁,其经济模式、政治运作乃至种族关系等方面都逐渐与美国主流社会趋同,于是,"多元文化主义"中的南部"文化危机"问题成为美国学术界论争的对象。事实上,南部文化并没有随着南部政治和经济的巨大变革而出现危机。实质上它是论争各方在文化的概念上存在分歧、中产阶级理论的误用和美国当下保守主义思潮的巨大影响所致。美国南部文化特征依然鲜明。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE The Mercantile Enlightenment in Late Qing and Early Republican China

近代中国虽然没有近代欧洲那样比较完整的启蒙运动,但的确经历了自己的思想启蒙过程。其中,与工业化潮流和资本主义兴起密切相关的重商思潮,即为中国近代思想启蒙过程中一股不容忽视的思想潮流以重商思潮为标志的近代商业启蒙大致经历了兴起、嬗变与深化的演化过程,在此过程中,封建农耕社会的价值观念遭到否定与批判,新兴工商社会的价值观念得以萌生和揄扬。近代商业启蒙尽管有其历史的局限性,但对中国走向工商业社会和实现近代化则起到重要推动作用,对当今商业道德重建具有历史借鉴意义。     

The header stack-barge: Folk technology on the north American plains

The header stack-barge was a device that farmers on the American and Canadian plains invented to adapt wheat harvesting machinery to the special requirements of their semi-arid region. Although it appeared at points scattered throughout the length of the North American plains, its greatest use was in Alberta and Saskatchewan during the 1930s. The development of the header stack-barge was an outstanding example of folk technology in the agricultural history of the Great Plains, showing the conditions under which folk invention might flourish and the way it might interact with government extension agents. The case of the header stack-barge then is of consequence both to folklore and to concepts of Great Plains regionalism.     

Importing Workfare: Policy Transfer of Social and Labour Market Policies from the USA to Britain under New Labour

Britain's New Labour government has put welfare reform at the top of its political agenda. It has followed a radical “workfare” agenda in relation to labour and social market policies and no longer aims to secure full employment mainly through direct job creation or Keynesian demand management. Instead, it promotes equal opportunity for all based on a contract between benefits claimants and the employment service. The New Deal is at the heart of British activation programmes for the unemployed. American policy paradigms have influenced the design of the New Deal. Policy transfer in activation policies from the USA to Britain is due to institutional similarities in British and American welfare states on the one hand, and to the comparable structure of their labour markets on the other hand. The influence of the European social model on British labour market policies thus remains limited.     

刍议广西环北部湾高校发展战略

广西环北部湾高校起步晚、基础差、规模小、层次不高,培养人才数量、质量远远不能满足广西沿海地区乃至整个北部湾经济区高素质人才的需求。广西环北部湾高校的设置、布局和整合应遵循适度超前发展、与地方经济社会发展相协调、结合实际彰显地方特色、联合办学等原则;自身的功能定位应立足于为加快广西北部湾经济区、中国—东盟自由贸易区经济社会发展以及泛珠合作和大湄公河次区域合作、深入实施西部大开发战略、推动区域协调发展提供科研和人才支撑、人才保障,为把广西建设成为富有时代特点和民族特色的文化先进省区服务。     

All the world's a stage: transnationalism and adaptation in professional wrestling style c. 1930–45

Between 1930 and 1945 professional wrestling could lay claim to being one of the most transnational sports moving across the Anglo-world. Participants originated from western and eastern Europe, North America, the Antipodes, Britain and India. Significantly, wrestling was one of the few sports in which participants from the British Empire and the USA competed in these decades of comparative sporting isolationism. It is argued here that the ‘All-In’ American style which came to dominate the sport as an extreme and theatrical form of ‘catch-as-catch-can’ wrestling was not uniformly accepted across the Anglo-world. Cultural differences between the USA and the British Empire meant wrestling styles had to be adapted as they crossed national boundaries. The notion of ‘cultural hybridity’ is a valuable concept here as ‘All-In’ met three different responses within the Empire: complete acceptance, modification and rejection. The reasons for the varied responses are considered and the argument made that while American culture was at one level admired in the British Empire, there was also concern about perceived professionalization and corruption in North America, which wrestling seemed to epitomize.     

Seeking the Theoretical Origins of Supply-side Structural Reform*

The theoretical origins of supply theory and supply-side structural reform lie in British and French classical economics, with their longstanding interest in supply, rather than in the later emergence of Jean-Baptiste Say and Say's Law, which attempts to deny the possibility of economic crises. Marx deepened supply theory, holding that production (supply) structure and product (income) distribution structure depended on the nature and structure of relations of production. This theory has been especially significant in guiding supply-side structural reform in China. The main reference value of American supply-side economics lies in some of its policy proposals for reforming and managing supply. Supply-side structural reform in China requires the development of a socialist supply theory with Chinese characteristics.     

越南北方新建经济区情况与广西对策分析

设立经济区以招商引资、促进社会经济发展是越南现在和未来比较长的一段时间的重要举措。2006-2008年越南政府批准在北方新设立了云顿、亭武-吉海、谅山口岸等三个新的经济区,特别是设在海防市的亭武-吉海经济区是国家级经济区,将建设成为拉动越南北方经济的“核动力”。这些经济区的建设,将对北部湾经济区产生重大影响,值得重视研究。