城讯

<正>沈阳退耕还湿5000亩营造野生鸟类家园为野生鸟类营造生存家园,沈阳已将卧龙湖附近5000余亩水稻田恢复为湿地,改种芦苇、蒲草和矮株高粱等。卧龙湖水域面积100多平方公里,是辽宁最大的平原淡水湖,也是东北亚鸟类迁徙必经之地。每年有140多种野生鸟类、上百万只候鸟在这里停留繁衍,其中鹤类较多。退耕还湿后,这里不仅为野生鸟类提供更多的食物来源,同时也恢复和完善了卧龙湖地     

论甘肃省实施退耕还草工程的社会经济理论基础

甘肃省生态问题特别突出 ,已严重地影响到经济社会的可持续发展。本文从具体生态问题出发 ,阐明了甘肃省实施退耕还草工程的社会经济理论基础。     

广西民族地区退耕户的认知、参与、意愿研究——基于龙胜、隆林、金秀的抽样调查

广西民族地区推行退耕还林政策已有十多年历史,通过对龙胜各族自治县、隆林各族自治县、金秀瑶族自治县三地402户退耕户的调查可知:退耕还林的环保效益已获得绝大多数退耕户的认可,但经济效益相对不明显;退耕户参加职业培训的比例较低,培训内容多集中在种植业方面;对于新一轮的退耕还林,退耕户的响应意愿强烈;退耕还林在县域之间存在差异,教育程度与年龄因素对受访者影响明显.因此,提出:加强退耕还林工作的宣传力度,提高民众思想意识;增强退耕户职业培训的实施力度,优化调整退耕区产业结构;因地制宜开展退耕还林,根据新形势调整新思路;落实对退耕户的优惠补贴政策,对困难人群进行重点扶持;提高地方政府的工作积极性,充分了解并尊重退耕户意愿.     

全面禁伐后东北国有林区职工收入增长问题研究

东北国有林区作为我国最大的国有林区,是重要的资源宝库和生态屏障。东北国有林区长期承担着国家木材生产的任务,为国家的经济建设做出了巨大的贡献。但随着可采森林资源越来越少,直至全面禁伐后,林区职工收入增长缓慢、收入结构相对单一、生活相对贫困。东北国有林区沿袭的政企合一的管理体制,使林区职工一直以来全方位地依附于森工企业,其综合素质普遍较低。而且林区职工由于地处偏僻山区,信息闭塞,思想观念落后,缺少创新意识和创业精神。因此建议：从国家层面,加大对林区的资金投入和政策的支持,完善社会保障制度;从森工企业方面,调整和优化林区的产业结构,构建林区职工群体的利益表达机制,加强对林区职工各方面综合素质和能力的培训;林区职工也应该及时转变观念,积极地参加森工企业组织的培训项目,充分利用所学森林培育方法和多种经营方式增加收入,改善自身的生活质量。     

东北林区"两危"的现状分析及对策选择

林业是可持续发展的基础产业,又是老工业基地调整改造的重要领域。但是东北林区在岗职工收入低、贫困度高,低保对象占当地低保总数的比重较大,职工缺乏社会保障。东北林区森林资源总量减少,资源结构性危机加剧。林业体制性的矛盾,缺乏科学指导,重采轻育是东北林区形成"两危"的原因。顺利解决东北林区的"两危"问题,对实现林业可持续发展、改善林区贫困状况以及全面振兴东北老工业基地都具有十分重要的意义。     

谈加强林区思想政治工作的几个问题

1 林业“两危”的新形势为林区思想政治工作提出了新的问题和新的挑战;同时也为加强和改造林区思想政治工作创造了新的机遇。教育、引导林区职工群众解放思想,更新观念,树立一种崭新的创业意识就成为当前加强和改进林区思想政治工作首要解决的问题。林业“两危”不仅使国有林区森工企业的生产经营陷入举步维艰的困境,而且使林区职工群众的思想意识、思维定势和传统观念发生了剧烈的震荡。随着改革开放力度的加深及企业转换经营机制和企业内部改革的深化,职工群众的心理承受能力达到极限,一系列根本利益的变化和林区经济发展的不景气,使林区职工群众对林业的发展前途失去信心。在这种新形势下,不断加强和改进林区思想政治工作就有着十分重要的意义。因为治危兴林是一项庞大的社会系统工程,涉及到林区社会的方方面面,它的成功与否,直接涉及到林区社会     

关于大兴安岭林区实行市场经济的思考

建立社会主义市场经济体制,这是党的十四大提出的深化改革,扩大开放,加快我国现代化建设步伐的英明举措。作为林业企业,贯彻十四大精神,当前重要的是加快企业经营机制的转换,培育林区市场,逐步建立和不断完善林区市场经济体制。大兴安岭林区是国家重要的木材生产基地,有林地面积762万公顷,活立木蓄积5.6亿立米。开发建设20多年来,为国家生产商品材7500万立米,产值240亿万元,上缴利税11.8亿元。但是,由于高度集中的计划经济体制及其运行机制的束缚,使林区的资源优势没有转化为商品经济优势,限制了林区经济的发展。因此。大兴安岭林区建立市场经济体制势在必行。目前,林区在走向市场经济的过程中,主要应解决好这样几个问题。     

积极调整林业结构 缓解林业企业“两危”局面

林业企业是多门经营、内容浩繁的综合性企业,因此存在着产业结构的问题。目前,对三个产业划分的观点还不统一,结合林业自身特点及在社会再生产过程中的地位,笔者认为: 第一产业。其经营对象是直接利用林区自然资源进行生产活动的部门。它既包括有生命的动植物为主体的森林生态系统,也包括无生命的矿产资源为主体的非生态系统。主要有林区种植业、养殖业、采集业、采伐和采掘业等。     

论黑龙江林区旅游发展模式

黑龙江省地处我国东北部边疆,是国家重点林区。冬季冰雪旅游和夏季避暑旅游是黑龙江省旅游业发展的两张王牌,而林区是主要阵地。发展林区旅游可以采取政府主导下的三位一体的绿色旅游发展模式。具体为:充分发挥政府主导作用和行业组织的中介作用,促进林区旅游企业的健康发展;依托丰富的自然资源发展绿色旅游,培育绿色理念、推行绿色标准、实行绿色开发、生产绿色产品并倡导绿色消费。     

国有林区森林资源监督政策法规体系建设

对国有林区森林资源实施监督,是保证国有林区森林资源所有者权益的必要措施和手段。建立完善的国有林区森林资源监督体系是国有林区森林资源有效运营的必然选择。国有林区森林资源监督体系包括监督的组织体系、被监督对象体系、技术体系和政策法规体系。其中森林资源监督政策法规体系是保证整个森林资源监督体系有效运转的重要因素,它为各级监督部门开展森林资源监督工作提供强有力的政策支持和体制环境保障,在四大体系中居于核心地位。本文从分析国有林区森林资源监督政策法规体系现状及存在问题入手,借鉴国外森林资源监督管理法制建设有益做法,探讨如何建立一个科学完善的森林资源监督政策法规体系,对政策法规体系建设重点进行了研究分析,提出了相应对策建议。     

城乡低保资金绩效评价指标体系构建研究

城乡低保资金绩效评价是完善低保制度,加强财政专项支出绩效管理的内在要求。鉴于现有低保资金绩效评价指标体系存在的问题,借鉴平衡计分卡绩效评价系统,构建比较全面、平衡和具有战略性的低保资金绩效评价指标体系,并合理设定指标内涵、评价标准及指标权重,以确保评价的全面性、科学性,有利于发现既有低保制度中的问题并及时改进。     

Work or welfare – a dilemma in the declining Swedish welfare state

The number of welfare recipients among people of working age increased from 1985 to 1992 in Sweden. Unexpectedly, this increase also took place under the economic boom during the late 1980s, characterized by very low unemployment. This is shown in a study of a 10% representative sample of the Swedish population. Not only has the number of welfare recipients increased, there has been a parallel increase in the relative number of people who are gainfully employed. This trend prevails until 1991, when the employment rates start going down. Until then, the development is characterized by growing polarization (bifurcation) into those who depend on work for their subsistence and those who depend on transfer payments from the welfare system. The development of welfare dependence has been different for men and women. The reasons for this development are discussed. Data about the increasing cost of social security are also presented, showing that the welfare system has not been in any immediate economic crisis from 1985 to 1993.     

“五四”后中国两种宪政观的比较及启示

＂五四＂后中国自由主义者的宪政观存在着以抽象人权取代人的现实生存权,试图脱离自由主义经济基础而构建宪政上层建筑的倾向。实际上,宪政总是包含＂限政＂与民主这两个向度,自由主义者强调了宪政的＂限政＂这一向度,继而强调了一种消极意义上的人权;毛泽东则强调了宪政的＂民主＂这一向度,从而看到了国家权力与公民权利之间的同一性,为发展出一种积极意义上的人权提供了可能。     

农民工经济贡献自我评价差异的影响因素研究

随着改革开放的深入，农民工对流入地的经济贡献越来越大。但就农民工个体而言，他们对经济贡献的自我评价受到各种因素的影响而存在差异。本文从农民工的流出/流入地、人力资本、经济回报、社会接纳和社会认同等五个方面入手，通过建立Logistic回归模型，探讨并分析影响农民工对流入地经济贡献自我评价的诸多因素。结果表明，除了流出/流入地对经济贡献自我评价并不显著，其余四项对经济贡献自我评价作用显著。     

试论北京市低保资格审核的规范化

城市居民最低生活保障制度在社会中起着最后安全网的作用,它是以家庭经济调查为前提的选择性救助制度。本文根据福利行政的特点,从低保管理的规范化角度分析了北京市低保资格审核制度运作中存在的问题。借鉴国内外先进经验提出对策,即提高社会救助部门核算居民家庭收入的专业化水平,培养社会工作专业人才,依靠法律规范管理机关和社保对象之间的关系。     

近年来东西部地区农村经济发展比较研究

近年来农村区域经济发展表现出一些规律性的变化和新的特点,但东西部地区农村经济发展差异仍然存在,其原因也比较复杂。近期促进东西部农村经济协调发展的思路主要有:积极落实党的农村政策;东部地区继续加快农业现代化建设步伐;西部地区重点是加强生态建设、发展特色优势产业;实现区域经济发展中的良性循环。     

Using the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework to analyze the acequias of El Río de las Gallinas,New Mexico

As population and economic growth increase urban water demands, and traditional irrigation plays a smaller role in direct subsistence in New Mexico, irrigators on small, traditional systems often feel threatened. This paper uses the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework to analyze the irrigation ditches of the Gallinas River, in San Miguel County, and aims to facilitate understanding of the persistent distrust some Gallinas irrigators feel toward city, state, and federal agencies. This distrust, sometimes due to a perception of differing property rights structures that result in what many irrigators feel is unfair treatment by various agencies, and sometimes to a simple lack of understanding, is often perpetuated by recounted stories of malfeasance. Degree of social capital, knowledge of water law, and technology vary greatly. While there are not many problems with outsiders, some of the larger ditches report very poor social capital.     

The poverty line and subsistence minimum in Latvia

This article gives a picture of the difficulties of defining poverty and setting up a poverty line in a post-communist country in the period of transition to democracy and a market economy. The ongoing processes are linked with the deterioration of living standards and wellbeing of the population. The government has attempted to protect the population socially, accepting a subsistence minimum and later a crisis subsistence minimum. It is difficult to argue that the activities of the government have been successful and helped much in improving the living standards of the population of Latvia.     

Socio-Economic Conditions for the Reproduction of Skilled Agricultural Cadres

Overcoming the shortage and high rate of turnover of skilled cadres in agriculture is a most timely and complex problem in many of the nation's economic regions. This problem is especially important for the collective and state farms of Siberia and the Far East. Reasons of an objective as well as a subjective nature are the basis of these phenomena. The former are engendered by historical conditions in the settlement and ihdustrialization of these regions, the latter by the shortcomings in the management and economic stimulation of agricultural production in the recent past.     

Optimizing the “demographic dividend” in young developing countries: The role of contractual savings and insurance for financing education

Many developing regions are facing a youth bulge, meaning that young people comprise the highest proportion of the population. These regions are at risk of losing what could be a tremendous opportunity for economic growth and development if they do not capitalize on this young and economically productive population, also referred to as the “demographic dividend,” defined as the increase in economic growth that tends to follow increases in the ratio of the working‐age population – essentially the labor force – to dependents. Nations undergoing this population transition have the opportunity to capitalize on the demographic dividend if the right social, economic, and human capital policies are in place. In particular, Sub‐Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and North Africa are at risk of losing the demographic dividend. These regions face high youth unemployment, low primary school completion, and low secondary school enrollment. This results in an undereducated and unskilled segment of the population. The prohibitive costs of education prevent young people from finishing school, thereby entering the labor market unprepared. This article presents a case for youth‐focused financial inclusion programs as one of the antidotes to the masses of poor, undereducated, and low‐skilled young people swelling the labor markets of poor developing countries.