宪法公投对后穆巴拉克时代埃及社会政治的影响

穆巴拉克政权的倒台开启了埃及政治重建进程。2012年岁末围绕宪法公投的政治危机乃是"一·二五"革命后,埃及社会政治力量格局演进的逻辑结果。伊斯兰主义者、世俗自由派和军方是后穆巴拉克时代左右埃及社会进程的三大力量。宪法危机的实质是未来埃及社会政治走向的大博弈,其背后是埃及宗教与世俗力量的对决以及总统与司法部门的冲突。军方在埃及政治经济事务中的利益和影响盘根错节,其在平衡宗教、世俗两派中努力保持"局势仲裁者"角色。在相当程度上,这场宪法公投危机折射出埃及乃至整个中东变局曲折复杂的演进态势及其发展前景。穆尔西访华有助于推动中埃战略合作关系迈上新台阶。     

政治转型背景下宪法设计中的女性权利——突尼斯和埃及的比较分析

性别是理解革命和社会运动的重要视角。本文聚焦中东剧变后突尼斯与埃及的宪法设计在女性权利保障方面的明显差异,并尝试从政治力量妥协程度和女性团体动员能力两个分析维度进行解释。论文认为,突尼斯政治力量通过制度化的政党竞争以及公民组织构建的对话平台达成妥协,制宪过程纳入各派别的意识形态和利益诉求,再加上妇女团体广泛深入的政治动员,女性权利得以在宪法安排中实现巨大推进;而埃及教俗势力对抗更为激烈,在政权更迭的同时均实施单方面工具性制宪,女性团体受机会结构限制也难以施加积极影响,因此宪法设计中的女性权利条款更不稳定和彻底。探讨上述内容对于厘清性别与政治转型和制度安排的复杂关系具有经验积累和理论生产方面的重要意义。     

默罕默德·阿里统治时期埃及妇女的政治地位

埃及作为一个中东大国,在19世纪默罕默德?阿里统治期间采取了最为迅速及有效的改革。然而在这样的一个动荡的社会里,埃及妇女的政治地位仍需要家庭的庇护,但埃及妇女也通过各种方式对当时的社会进行反抗,维护其在社会中的基本地位,为推动社会进步起到了积极作用。     

"阿拉伯之春"后的埃及

穆巴拉克政权垮台已三个多月。埃及先后建立过渡政府,修改宪法,确定议会和总统选举时间表,试图进行政治重建,基本上避免了政治失控。     

埃及新自由主义改革与政治剧变的关系探析

2011年埃及发生政治剧变,导致剧变的主要原因是政治威权与经济发展水平不相适应。新自由主义改革的实施导致埃及社会结构重组,由此产生了一系列改革的负面社会效应,包括民族工业破坏殆尽、经济寡头化、中产阶级破产、贫困率上升、裙带资本主义蔓延等,使得威权主义政权失去合法性,伊斯兰主义运动等反对派获得社会支持和社会动员能力。近年来,埃及政局虽逐渐恢复稳定,但高程度的政治威权与低水平的经济发展之间的矛盾却更加突出,进而使埃及仍存在陷入动荡的隐患。     

埃及公民社会伊斯兰化及政府对策

埃及公民社会的伊斯兰化发展比较迅速,这不仅体现在大量宗教公民社会。的建立,也体现在伊斯兰主义者向世俗公民社会的渗透上,穆斯林兄弟会在公民社会的诸多代表性组织中占据主导权。然而,埃及政府试图将公民社会纳入其预设的轨道之中,加强了对公民社会的管理和控制。于是,公民社会的伊斯兰化与公民社会对政府的依赖性处于一种张力之中,进而影响了埃及公民社会的发展趋势。     

埃及公民社会伊斯兰化及政府对策

埃及公民社会的伊斯兰化发展比较迅速,这不仅体现在大量宗教公民社会①的建立,也体现在伊斯兰主义者向世俗公民社会的渗透上,穆斯林兄弟会在公民社会的诸多代表性组织中占据主导权。然而,埃及政府试图将公民社会纳入其预设的轨道之中,加强了对公民社会的管理和控制。于是,公民社会的伊斯兰化与公民社会对政府的依赖性处于一种张力之中,进而影响了埃及公民社会的发展趋势。     

科普特问题和埃及宗教冲突的制度性根源

自20世纪70年代以来,埃及的宗教冲突持续不断,其中科普特人和穆斯林的冲突最为突出。双方的冲突点主要集中在教堂修建、跨教婚姻、宗教变更等议题。本文认为,除国际和地区安全形势的影响之外,埃及国内行政程序的模糊性和司法体制的碎片化是造成宗教冲突的深层次制度性因素。在此背景下,伊斯兰极端主义者的攻击、海外科普特组织的激进化和埃及政府的处理失当,都加剧了国内宗教冲突的政治化,导致其持续发生和扩散。     

埃及的革命青年

革命的新一代 2013年7月3日,28岁的记者马哈茂德·巴德尔(Mahmoud Badr)来不及洗漱更衣,开着刚借来的车匆匆赶往埃及军队情报总部.在一间挤满政要的房间里,他对武装部队最高委员会主席塞西说:"埃及人民要求你立即满足他们的愿望,提前举行总统大选.数百万人在外面等着,他们给我开的可不是空白支票,我没法跟人民说不!"     

默罕默德?阿里统治时期埃及妇女的政治地位简

埃及作为一个中东大国，在19世纪默罕默德？阿里统治期间采取了最为迅速及有效的改革。然而在这样的一个动荡的社会里，埃及妇女的政治地位仍需要家庭的庇护，但埃及妇女也通过各种方式对当时的社会进行反抗，维护其在社会中的基本地位，为推动社会进步起到了积极作用。     

The Origin,Development, and Contemporary Status of Critical Theory*

This paper describes the nature of critical theory, its historical development, its connections to sociology and Marxism, and the central debates over its core ideas.     

The Confederate Constitution, Tariffs, and the Laffer Relationship

This article offers an example of a national constitution, that of the Confederate States of America, which effectively constrained its fiscal authorities to tax rates on the lower end of the Laffer relationship. The taxes were Confederate import tariffs. Drawing on primary sources, the paper documents the role that this de facto capping of tariff rates played in the history of the drafting of the Confederate Constitution. That the Laffer relationship found constitutional expression for an important tax suggests that the "tariff" might have played a more significant role in the North–South conflict than is currently acknowledged.     

国际青年权益法的起源和发展

国际青年权益法的起源 可以说,任何国家的文明发展史事实上也是各国青年人争取自己的合法权益、反对成人一代制定的各种陋俗的斗争的历史,国际青年权益法就是在这两代之间的斗争与反斗争中孕育并初露端倪。早在１１５８年意大利的国王弗雷德瑞克·巴巴罗沙就曾批准过“学生阶层”的权利和特权,而学生的教育、思想自由、演讲、结社、集会、旅行等权利被正式得到任可并在整个欧洲盛行开来则是在中世纪时期,１３６５年,鲁道夫四世（ＤｕｋｅＲｕｄｏｌｐｈ Ⅳ）正式颁布《维也那大学联合会规则》,它其中就有这样的法律条款：学生代表有选…     

The ICIDH and the Need for its Revision

The International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH) published and used by the World Health Organization is currently undergoing a revision. Its conceptual basis is the medical model which leads to the medicalization of disability. From this point it is a short step to eugenics and a class-based evaluation of people with disabilities using the concept of 'normal'. People with disabilities are found to be lacking and a burden. The language and the logic of the ICIDH are faulty. It is replete with biased, handicapist language. In its present form and even in its proposed revised form (ICIDH-2) it is a threat to the disability community world wide.     

大学生嫉妒心理的实质、成因及教育对策

作为心理世界的有机组成部分,个体嫉妒心理的出现是正常的,也是必然的.但若听之任之发展,其危害性则不言而喻.因此,对个体产生的嫉妒心理,只有正确认识并有意识地加以良性引导,才能促进个体健康成长.本文分析了大学生嫉妒心理的实质、成因,探讨了引导大学生走出心理误区的教育对策.     

The socioeconomic institutions of organizing: Origin, emergence, and reproduction

The purpose of this article is to contribute to the development of a theory of (organizing) institutions primarily relevant for capitalistic market Economics, a theory which significantly improves our general ability to describe, explain and predict organized or organizational action. Six basic institutions—or infrastructures for human (interaction (the market, the corporation, the (social) movement, the association, the circle and the clan)—are deduced, defined and also finally put together in the form of a repertoire of ideal types. Moreover, two meta-institutions (the state, the anarchy) are added to this initial repertoire of six institutions to allow for the introduction of what could be regarded—at least from some premises—as a more general (i.e., societal) level.     

Symbolic Interaction as Music: The Esthetic Constitution of Meaning,Self, and Society

Analytical frameworks such as dramaturgy and narrative analysis are respectively grounded in metaphors of life as theater and life as a story. In related fashion, in this article the authors argue for the creation of another metaphor: life as music. Viewing selfhood and symbolic interaction as music sensitizes us to observe and understand an important but much too neglected dimension of social life: the esthetic. Drawing from the pragmatist philosophy of John Dewey, the authors argue that the realm of the esthetic should not be confined to museums and art galleries, for the intentional perception of beauty constitutes the very foundation of individuals' embodied experiences of their lifeworlds. From within our metaphor of life as music we conceptualize beauty as the diverse rhythms, melodies, and harmonies contributing to the constitution of both subjectivity and intersubjectivity.     

Sibling incest in the royal families of Egypt,Peru, and Hawaii

Analysts of the incest taboo who believe that cultural determinants alone are a sufficient explanation of human incest avoidance frequently cite alleged sibling marriages in the royal families of Egypt, Hawaii, and Peru as supporting evidence. If full‐sibling incest were common in intact families in several populous societies (where mates other than siblings were available) incest avoidance theories involving genetic components, and natural selection theory itself, would be seriously challenged because there would then exist successful societies which employ a relatively inefficient reproductive strategy. This review of historical sources regarding the actual practices of royal families reveals that full‐sibling marriages were extremely rare, except during the Ptolemaic reign. Futhermore, succession to the throne was almost never by an offspring of siblings. Brother‐sister marriage was frequent among commoners in Roman Egypt during the first two or three centuries after Christ. Because it is the only example, and because little is known about the marriages, this clear, but solitary, exception is an insufficient basis for rejecting the interactionist thesis.     

埃及与穆斯林兄弟会

埃及穆斯林兄弟会在其80余年的发展历程中几经沉浮,现已成为当前埃及境内最有影响的政治力量,并将对后穆巴拉克时代埃及的政局走向、社会转型产生巨大影响.对穆斯林兄弟会的研究不能囿于惯性思维而将其视为“激进组织”,应以历史唯物主义的观点和方法,还原其历史真相,特别是要看到该组织在发展过程中曾经有过对自身“激进思想”的修正,从而对它有更加全面、公正的认识.