上海建设国际型大都市过程中的跨文化管理研究

上海在建设国际型大都市过程中,国际型人才的流入和外流必然引发跨文化问题,需要加强跨文化管理。上海市跨文化管理的对象主要涉及5种人才。上海市跨文化管理的对策措施是构建3种机制,即跨文化选人、跨文化培训和跨文化用人机制。     

机遇与成本：大都市青年女性的就业、教育、婚姻状况变迁研究

根据1982—2005年间的历次人口调查资料,论文描述了25—29岁女性年龄组的就业、职业、教育与婚姻状况,指出急速的社会发展,女性教育水平的提高给大都市女性提供了不少发展机会,女性的职业结构优化。与此同时,女性也付出了一些成本,如婚姻的推迟和退出劳动力市场成为专职主妇。     

正确认识和应对上海发展中的人口集聚问题

人口集聚现状和未来趋势 作为一个正在建设和发展中的国际化大都市，上海所遇到的人口问题相互交织、错综复杂，而最为突出的一个问题是人口总量规模不断扩大。     

就业中的性别歧视:一个需要正视和化解的难题

背景2007届大学生和研究生毕业在即。年复一年,我们在不断感受女生在寻找就业机会中遭受的歧视。可以说,女大学生面临的就业歧视和就业困难是中国女性整体发展状况的一种折射,它进而反映了更为广泛而深刻的社会问题。自从新中国建立以来,我国女性的社会权利得到了很大的提升。女性走出家门,“男女同工同酬”成为我国社会主义事业发展的伟大成就之一,并受到了国际社会的赞誉。我国政府一直重视女性就业问题,为推动和保证女性就业权利的实现做出了不懈的努力。在法律上确定了女性就业的平等地位及相应的权利,如《宪法》和《妇女权益保障法》、…     

珠江三角洲国际大都市布局构想

随着全面对外开放政策的实施，我国沿海、沿江、沿边各省、市、自治区都以十分积极的姿态加哈回响型经济的发展。这在客观上需要外向型经济领导中心的建立。由此，我国许多地区纷纷提出建设国际大都市的构想。仅广东省就有广州、深圳、珠海三市提出要建设国际大都市。笔者认为，各地在规划国际大都市时，应避免一哄而起、盲目“跃进”，应量力、量客观条件而行、否则将造成巨大的人、财、物浪费。一、国际大都市及其特征国际大都市，目前仍为一形成中的概念。英文metroplis一词，意为主要都市、大都会，常指首都、首府、文化中心或某种商业…     

女性人力资源状况与变化

我国女性人口占总人口约一半,无论过去,现在及未来女性人力资源都十分丰富。改革开放和劳动优化过程中,女性就业人口仍呈现增长势态。但与男性人力资源相比较,开发利用量少、面窄、层次低,女性现在存在的诸多就业问题,均同对女性人力资源、对女性价值认识有关。为了进一步开发女性人力资源,必须对女性人力资源和就业分布特征进行深入分析和研究。     

上海女性弱势群体就业困境及其政策选择

在劳动就业日益个体化,劳动就业的稳定和保障逐渐消失的状况下,上海女性弱势群体的就业面临着内部资源缺乏与外部环境危机的多重困境。选择上海市女性弱势群体就业政策,不仅要促进上海市女性弱势群体的内部资源积累,还要创造上海市女性弱势群体就业的外部环境。     

新型城镇化过程中农村剩余劳动力转移就业研究

本文对新型城镇化建设过程中的农村剩余劳动力转移就业问题进行了深入的探讨和研究。针对目前我国城镇化过程中面临的农村剩余劳动力转移就业问题,提出在城镇化、工业化、农业现代化三化协调发展中稳步推进新型城镇化建设是促进农村剩余劳动力转移就业问题有效解决的根本途径,而在"三化"协调发展中逐步推出和完善城镇化相关配套政策和措施则是解决农村剩余劳动力转移就业问题的基本保障。     

国际大都市人口发展战略对中国的启示——以广州市为例

新加坡、伦敦、东京、纽约等国际大都市在其发展过程中,都遇到了人口急剧增长带来的各种社会问题。这些城市在应对人口发展引发的各种问题时,综合考虑了本国的产业转型、资源现状以及公共服务供给等多方面因素,依据各自的特点,制定了不同的人口发展战略。建设人才高地,适应产业调整;通过产业转移,引导人口迁移;充分利用资源,均衡人口分布;完善公共服务,支持人口发展;建设中心城区,保持适度人口是这些城市给中国大城市人口发展战略制定带来的启示。     

从公平与平等的角度看我国女性就业

女性就业状况是衡量社会现代化发展水平的一个重要指标.尽管由于我国社会经济的快速发展,就业渠道多元化、行业的逐步拓宽为女性就业提供了新的领域,但是女性就业目前仍然存在着众多不尽如人意的地方,出现抱怨女性就业人数和比例下降,女性职业结构不合理,就业层次偏低等问题.     

Use of contraceptives by Chinese women

In April 1985 the State Statistical Bureau of China conducted a fertility sampling survey in the provinces of Hebei and Shaanxi, and Shanghai municipality covering a population of 93,000,000. The target group was married women under 50 whose knowledge and use of contraceptives are the main content of this survey. The IUD has been used by 62% in Hebei, 61% in Shaanxi, and 55% in Shanghai, and is most popular with women over 30 who have had at least 1 child. Married women who have used the pill make up 33% in Shanghai, 14% in Hebei, and 7% in Shaanxi. Female and male sterilization are used by women who have had more than 2 children (15.7% in Shanghai, 40% in Hebei, and 28% in Shannxi). 70-80% have used contraception of some type, reflecting the success of the family planning program.     

对流动人口就业中男女平等的思考

本文就流动人口就业中的男女平等问题,通过对669名居住上海四区流动人口的问卷调查和45名在上海三家医院妇产科生产和看病流动妇女的访谈,以及企业和各层次外来劳力管理人员的访谈和调查资料的分析,从促进流动人口就业中男女平等出发,探寻有益于流动妇女发展和流入城市发展双赢的途径。     

The trends of contraceptives of people in Shanghai since early 1980s

Shanghai has had the lowest fertility rate in China for many years. Shanghai had a negative rate of natural growth during 1990-95. During 1980-93, fertility dropped continuously. In 1982, contraceptive use among married women included 29.47% using IUDs, 29.33% using oral pills, 23.44% using female sterilization, and 10.48% using condoms. Contraceptive prevalence declined slightly from 98.6% in 1982 to 92.29% in 1993. By 1993, method use changed. Oral pill and female sterilization use declined to 8.04% and 7.22%, respectively, among married women of reproductive age. IUD use increased dramatically to 72.2% in 1993. Condom use declined to 8.83% of total users. Despite reduced contraceptive prevalence, the birth rate declined from 18.51/1000 population in 1982 to 6.50/1000 population in 1993. The proportion of women accepting the one-child certificate increased from 53.32% of all married women of reproductive age in 1984 to 70.13% in 1993. The shift use of contraceptive methods means reliance on long-term reversible methods.     

The marriage of mentally handicapped people and family planning services for them in Shanghai

This brief article discusses findings from a study by the Shanghai Population Information Center on marriage, fertility, and family planning among mentally handicapped adults in Shanghai, China, and population dynamics. The sample included 184 mentally handicapped persons aged 20-49 years (79 men and 116 women). 47 people had mild, 92 had moderate, and 45 had severe mental deficiencies. The mean age was 33 years. About 29% were married or ever married. 49 were married or ever married women. 6 spouses were mentally deficient. About 70% of the married or ever married had children. 43 had ever used contraception. The most commonly used method was the IUD. Several people had the approval of family members and were sterilized. Only 3 women were prevented from use of contraceptive services by family. 38% of the unmarried women's parents or relatives wanted their mentally deficient family members to be married before old age. 48% discouraged marriage because of the mental deficiency.     

近代中国不同城市离婚原因略论

由于中国近代城市发展的不平衡 ,在市民的离婚原因上也有较大差异。上海作为近代中国经济最发达 ,社会最开明的城市 ,在其离婚原因上也可显现出来。 30年代 ,在上海市民 12种离婚原因中 ,双方“意见不合”的比重高达 73 % ,表明男女双方在意识上具有很强的独立性。而同时期在广州、天津、北平、成都等城市的离婚原因中 ,“意见不合”的比重都很低。产生这种差别的主要原因是 ,经济发展水平 ,妇女经济和社会地位的提高 ,文化教育水平的提高等     

China's population policy successful

Survey data collected in 1985 from birth histories of women in 2 provinces, Shaanxi and Hebei, and 1 city, Shanghai, show remarkable success for China's population policy. The total fertility rate fell from 1.9 to 1.1 in Shanghai, and from 5.0 and 4.6 to 2.5 and 2.2 in the provinces in the last 15 years. The infant mortality rate fell 73% in Shanghai and 50 and 59% in the provinces during the period. The proportion of babies delivered in hospitals or clinics rose; the proportion of those delivered by health professionals increased; the proportion of prenatal check-ups rose; and the immunization rate increased 49 to 96%. The mean birth weights of newborns was 3350, 3250 and 3150g in these provinces and in Shanghai. Length of lactation stood at 20.2 and 20.4 months in the provinces with no decline. Lactation lasted mean 12.4 months in Shanghai, a decline of 3 months in 10 years. Women interviewed expressed a desire for 2 or fewer children: proportionally more wanted only 1 child at younger ages. Most stated that their reasons were to curb population growth, although 10-20% believed that small families protect maternal and child health. These data show that broad masses of rural and urban residents support the government's population policy.     

Between conformity and transgression: Chinese women’s gendered discourse of fan authenticity for European football

This essay explores Chinese women’s discourse of fan authenticity for European football. Conceptualizing Chinese female fans as the readers of the transnational text of European football, I conducted in-depth interviews with fifteen self-identified female fans in Shanghai, China. The analysis shows that in their discursive formations of gendered fan authenticity, these women simultaneously reproduce and contest the patriarchal dominance and female stereotypes in European football fandom. As a result, they articulate an ambiguous relation between fan authenticity and themselves as women. Instead of regulating feminine identity to fit into the masculinist fandom, these fans still hold up to the traditional Chinese expectations of femininity in their fan experience.     

The change of fertility and factors impacting it in Shanghai City in the past thirty years]

In 1981 a 3% random sampling of women born between 1931-66 was taken in Shanghai to study their menstrual and marital histories, pregnancies, contraceptive use, education, and occupation. In the last 30 years the fertility rate and the rate of natural population increase began to decline beginning around 1957-58. The changes in fertility rate fall into 3 periods: 1) between 1958-61 the fertility rate fell from 238.6/1000 to 159.2/1000, averaging 26.5/1000 annually; there was a slight period of stability from 1961-63; 2) between 1963-67 it fell from 155.8/1000 to 56.3/000, averaging 24.9/1000 annually and between 1967-68 there was a slight increase; and 3) between 1968-74 it fell from 63.2/100 to 26.4/1000, averaging 6.1/1000 annually. The fertility rate of various age groups also declined during the last 30 years. The average number of children for married women was 1.92. Factors influencing the fertility rate include: 1) birth control policy: the changes in the fertility rates were dominated by the birth control policy; for instance, from 1956-60, after late marriages were officially advocated, the average age at 1st marriage for men was 1.64 years older than before; between 1962-64, those women with more than 3 children were sterilized. 2) Education: the higher the educational attainment, the later was the age at 1st marriage, the more effective was the use of contraceptives and the lower the standard was for fertility; 3) occupation: the type of job influenced the age at marriage, as well as the frequency of miscarriage and live births; 4) attitude towards children: the total number of children women reported they would like averaged out to be 1.7; 5) urban and rural differences: the fertility rate for Shanghai City was not only lower than for Shanghai County, it fell at a faster rate; 6) changes in the age structure of fertile women affected the fertility rate; and 7) others: nutrition, the ability to propagate, age at 1st marriage, plus economic and social factors all affected fertility.     

儿童照料与二孩生育意愿 ——来自上海的证据

本文围绕一项针对上海市育龄女性的生育意愿调查,分别使用二分和有序Logit方法分析儿童照顾对上海市育龄女性的二孩生育意愿的影响。研究发现当育龄女性能够从家庭内和社会中获得更多孩子照料的时间支持时,她们有更高的二孩生育意愿,也会伴有更明确的二孩生育规划;双独家庭能够从父辈获得更多的经济、时间上的帮助,因此他们要比单独家庭和双非家庭更愿意再生一个孩子;居住于上海市城区的女性从某种程度上更易获得孩子的照料资源,有更多的优质教育资源可供选择,因此她们的二孩生育意愿高于居住于郊区的女性。此外,本文通过是否采用了避孕措施对二孩生育的意愿程度做了进一步区分,结果发现当第一个孩子主要是由孩子父母承担照料工作的时候,女性存在二孩生育意愿的程度是最低的,祖辈照料对二孩生育意愿程度的积极影响也明显低于社会性照料,此现象在上海市户籍的女性中体现尤为明显。最后为纠正自选择偏差问题,本文使用倾向值匹配方法(PSM)进一步验证了与首孩性别相比,首孩的抚养成本与接受照料情况显然对二孩生育意愿的影响程度更大。因此,本文认为加大公共托育服务的供给、为育龄女性提供高质量的0-3岁婴幼儿社会照料支持是提高二孩生育意愿的最有效政策。     

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.