中国职业流动中的社会不平等问题研究

文章从代际职业流动和代内职业流动角度,分析先赋因素(如家庭背景、户籍制度、所有制等)对职业流动的影响,从而折射出职业流动中的一些不平等。通过对数据的分析发现,尽管改革开放以来,市场因素对就业分配的配置作用越来越大,但是对职业的合理流动的制度性限制以及结构性限制依然存在,从而产生社会不平等问题。基于这样的研究,文章在政策层面提出了首先要改变职业流动过程中的制度性不平等问题,才能缩小社会不平等(包括收入差距),而职业流动起点上的不平等要通过加强对弱势群体的教育援助和社会保障来解决。     

流动女性职业地位获得及其影响因素分析

本文运用多元线性回归模型对流动女性职业地位及其影响因素进行分析,研究结果表明,流动女性的职业地位普遍不高。本研究所构建的流动女性职业地位获得的理论模型具有较强的解释力,受教育程度、是否掌握专业技能、成就动机、社会网络规模、社会网络顶端、进城务工时长、到过的打工地区数等是影响流动女性职业地位获得的主要因素。     

城乡居民家庭代际收入流动的比较研究

基于CGSS2006的数据,本文对我国城乡家庭的代际收入流动性进行了比较分析,研究发现:我国城乡家庭的代际收入流动性偏弱,城镇家庭代际收入向上的流动性总体而言要高于农村家庭,代际收入流动性的差异客观上加剧城乡之间的收入差距;新生代城镇家庭子女收入向上流动的能力相对他们的前辈有所减弱,而新生代农村家庭子女收入向上流动的能力要超过他们的前辈,在与城镇同龄人的比较中也处于优势;人力资本是影响代际收入流动的主要因素,虽然在职业生涯的初期,教育并没有显著地提高代际收入向上流动的概率,但随着子女职业生涯的发展,教育对代际收入流动的影响逐渐增强。此外,家庭的经济地位和社会关系等家庭背景因素对代际收入流动也有显著的影响。     

城乡居民家庭代际收入流动的比较研究

基于CGSS2006的数据,本文对我国城乡家庭的代际收入流动性进行了比较分析,研究发现:我国城乡家庭的代际收入流动性偏弱,城镇家庭代际收入向上的流动性总体而言要高于农村家庭,代际收入流动性的差异客观上加剧城乡之间的收入差距;新生代城镇家庭子女收入向上流动的能力相对他们的前辈有所减弱,而新生代农村家庭子女收入向上流动的能力要超过他们的前辈,在与城镇同龄人的比较中也处于优势;人力资本是影响代际收入流动的主要因素,虽然在职业生涯的初期,教育并没有显著地提高代际收入向上流动的概率,但随着子女职业生涯的发展,教育对代际收入流动的影响逐渐增强。此外,家庭的经济地位和社会关系等家庭背景因素对代际收入流动也有显著的影响。     

上海城市居民的社会分层与流动研究

上海城市居民的社会阶层结构是"金字塔"型还是"橄榄"型,在上海社会分层研究中仍有争议,而对不同阶层之间的社会流动更是缺乏关注。文章依据公共权力、产权和市场能力3个维度将上海城市居民划分为6个社会阶层,并根据2008年"上海市民生活状况调查"数据进行分析。结果发现,目前上海城市居民的阶层结构仍然具有典型的"金字塔"型特征,距离"橄榄"型社会结构仍有较大差距。文章通过对不同年代代际流动表的分析发现,随着改革开放的深入,父辈阶层地位和子辈阶层地位之间的关联度逐渐增强,并在不同社会阶层之间出现了一定的边界,非技术工人和农业劳动者阶层跨越边界实现上向社会流动的难度较大,这一现象可能会给上海城市居民社会阶层结构的现代化转型带来一定的风险。     

女性流动人口职业流动及其影响因素的代际差异与共性--以福建省为例

基于福建省1963位女性流动人口的调查数据,从代际差异视角出发,利用事件史模型,比较两代女性流动人口的职业流动及其影响因素。研究表明,两代女性流动人口的职业流动存在明显差异,新生代的职业流动明显频繁于老一代;同时,在新生代的职业流动归因于其人力资本和职业类型偏好,而老一代的职业流动则受制于其家庭结构特征的代际差异之外,经济追求和宏观结构因素仍作为共性因素影响了两代女性流动人口的职业流动。     

城市老年人口家庭经济流动类型及其影响因素分析——以上海为例

文章采用“上海市老年人口状况与意愿跟踪调查”的数据,对不同人口学特征的城市老年人家庭代际经济流动类型进行分析,发现城市老年人家庭代际经济流动类型的性别差异、年龄差异、受教育程度差异和婚姻差异。运用二元Logistic回归对老年人家庭经济流动类型的影响因素进行分析,结果表明性别、年龄、受教育程度、子女补贴、月平均收入和住院天数等因素对老年人家庭代际经济流动类型有显著影响。     

我国城镇青年职业流动和继承效应的度量

本文主要运用拓扑对数线性模型,对不同经济水平、社会制度和人力资本因素影响下,我国城镇青年代际职业流动和继承效应进行度量。研究结果指出:中国近20年来的经济社会发展为城镇青年提供了较好的就业发展机会,在东部和中部地区职业向上流动机会明显高于向下流动机会;女性城镇青年就业机会有了积极发展之势;接受高等教育使城镇青年具备较高层次的职业发展机会;而西部地区城镇青年的职业继承仍为主要机会,缺少向上流动的通道。     

流动儿童社会融合的代际传承

文章利用"人口迁移与儿童发展的跟踪研究"数据,从状态与变动两个方面,讨论了社会融合在代际间的传承问题,以及家庭因素对流动儿童社会融合的影响作用。分析结果显示,社会融合在代际间具有传承性,充分的亲子交流能够促进流动儿童社会融合状况及其发展;控制家庭背景后,学校效应依然显著。结论认为,社会融合不仅具有代际的传承性,而且具有一定的可塑性。传承结果决定了流动儿童社会融合的起点,而亲子交流决定其方向和速度。因此,必须更加重视家庭环境建设与家庭教育方式的改进。     

上海市居民职业流动方向和程度研究

一、数据介绍和研究意义职业反映劳动者在社会分工中所处的位置，社会学者又往往将之作为社会地位和社会分层的标志。所以职业是人口经济结构和人口社会结构的交叉结构，几乎经济和社会每一步的发展，都会通过职业流动表现出来。本文是对上海市居民职业流动方向和特点的研究。通过对上海市居民职业流动的研究，可以从一个侧面对上海几十年来的经济社会发展作一回顾，同时以此为代表，反映出中国城市社会经济转型中一些共有的特点和状况。本研究的资料，来源于上海复旦大学人口研究所和美国杜克大学合作进行的“城市居民生活就业情况调查”（…     

西北少数民族地区乡村社会流动的经济后果分析——以宁夏固原和甘肃临夏为例

本文以宁夏固原和甘肃临夏地区的田野调查为例．分析了西北少数民族地区目前频繁发生的乡村社会流动所带来的经济后果。研究表明,乡村社会流动推动了民族地区和全国的城市化进程,缓减了农业和农村的压力,改善了流动参与的家庭收入结构,提高了流动参与者参与市场经济的能力。同时,也带来农村经济分化进一步拉大,地方政府崇拜劳务输出,村民经济利益至上及低端的劳动力循环等不利于流出地经济发展和村庄整合的负向后果。     

当前我国城市职业流动的障碍分析

本文通过经验调查研究发现我国的职业流动率偏低 ,且大量劳动者有流动意愿却没有流动行为 ,这些都说明我国的职业流动存在着障碍。本文将这些障碍分为个人障碍和制度障碍、进入障碍和退出障碍等 ,并根据经验社会调查所得数据对此进行了检验。我们认为 ,消除这些流动障碍的关键在于加快改革开放步伐 ,建立完善的社会主义市场经济制度     

工作转换对农民工职业流动的影响效应

农民工就业流动频繁已经成为当前劳动力市场的普遍现象和重要特征,而工作转换能否带来农民工职业向上流动,实现职业地位提升？文章采用RUMIC面板数据,进一步估计工作转换对农民工职业流动方向的影响。结果发现：工作转换对职业流动产生显著负效应,工作转换导致农民工职业向下流动,职业流动没有呈现“U”型特征,但存在一定的跨期效应,重新定义工作转换进行稳健性检验仍然支持这一结论。而从根本上消除劳动力市场的制度壁垒,强化农民工职业技能培训,无疑是未来劳动力市场政策调整的主要方向。     

社会流动机制的转变对农村生育率的影响

随着我国由计划经济向市场经济转型、从传统社会向现代社会转变,农民的社会流动机制发生了变迁。社会流动机制的转变必然导致经济、社会诸多变量的变动,而经济和社会变量的变化又影响着生育行为。本文从宏观层面探讨了社会流动机制的变迁对农村生育率的影响。     

Age stratification at work: Trends in occupational age segregation in the United States, 1950–2000

This paper adjudicates between competing accounts of recent trends in the amount and patterning of occupational age segregation. These accounts rely on narratives about: (1) the decline of age-graded mobility, (2) the rise of occupational volatility, and (3) the existence of dual labor markets, in particular increasingly bimodal age distributions in low-skill occupations. Using new log-multiplicative models and related methods, the findings show that overall age segregation declined between 1950 and 1990, which is consistent with the decline of age-graded mobility. Among women, though not among men, the findings show increasingly bimodal age distributions in particular low-skill occupations, which is consistent with a dual labor market. Starting in 1990, age segregation increased among men and may have increased among women, which is consistent with the occupational volatility narrative.     

Race and exits from white collar jobs: Differences in downward mobility processes among African American, Latino, and White males

Does race affect the route to downward mobility from white collar occupations? Data from Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to assess the minority vulnerability thesis, which maintains there are race-specific processes of down ward occupational mobility among males from white collar occupations. Findings indicate that, consistent with theory, a racialized continuum exists across six years of the work-career. For Whites, the path to downward mobility is relatively narrow and structured by traditional stratification-based causal factors, namely, human capital, back ground socioeconomic status, and job/labor market characteristics. For African Americans, the route to downward mobility is broad-based and not captured by traditional stratification factors and Latinos occupy an intermediate ground between Whites and African Americans. Further, as predicted by theory, the racial gap in mobility processes between Whites and racial minorities is pronounced at the lower-tier of white collar employment. Finally, implications of the findings for understanding labor market inequalities on the basis of race are discussed.     

社会经济地位、社会流动与民族间的阶层认同差异

作为民族分层的关键指标,主观阶层认同对于研究族际冲突意识和冲突行为具有重要意义。本研究利用全国性调查数据,对民族间的阶层认同差异及其影响因素进行分析。研究发现,虽然当前少数民族社会经济地位要略低于汉族,但其阶层认同与汉族相比并不存在显著差异。究其原因,这可能与少数民族实现向上社会流动的比例高于汉族有关,即虽然相对较低的社会经济地位对于少数民族的阶层认同有拉低作用,但这种效用却被少数民族相对较高的向上社会流动机会所消融。本研究的启示在于,在民族关系问题日益重要的今天,我们在注重发展民族地区经济的同时,还要努力提高各民族成员向上社会流动的机会,促进各民族之间的社会交往和文化交融。     

Veteran Status,Income, and Intergenerational Mobility Across Three Cohorts of American Men

Existing research linking prior military employment with labor market outcomes has focused on comparing the relative income of veterans and nonveterans. However, people who join the armed forces are uniquely selected from the broader population, and the form and direction of selectivity has shifted over time, with differential enlistment rates by race, region, and socioeconomic status. Understanding changes in the demographic composition of enlistees and veterans has significant import for the study of social mobility, particularly given changes in the occupational structure since the mid-twentieth century and wage stagnation well into the new millennium. Furthermore, labor market polarization and increases in educational attainment since WWII raise additional concerns about the social origins of military personnel and their occupational trajectories after discharge. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, we investigate how social background is linked to both income and occupational mobility among veterans from three cohorts of American men: World War II, Vietnam, and the All-Volunteer Force. We find few benefits for veterans, for either income or intergenerational occupational mobility, once social background is controlled, suggesting that selection into the armed forces largely governs outcomes in the civilian labor market. Our findings have significant importance for understanding civilian labor market outcomes and trajectories of social mobility during distinct phases of military staffing.     

Mobility,Perceptions of Quality of Life and Neighbourhood Stability in Saskatoon

Why people move, their well-being or self-assessed quality of life and the impact that this has on the stability of neighbourhoods are linked in many ways. One of the expected outcomes related to the attachment to and meaning of place is the level of intra-urban mobility by individuals and families. Those who have negative or neutral feelings towards the place they reside are expected to experience a greater level of intra-urban mobility. The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between residential mobility and perceived well-being or self-assessed quality of life in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan across three clusters of neighbourhoods representing different socio-economic status (SES) (low, middle and high). The paper begins with a review of the literature on residential mobility and highlights concepts such as the life-cycle, social cohesion and social isolation. It employs data from three sources: a telephone survey collected from residents in 2001, a series of face-to-face interviews and 2001 Census data. The data are analysed statistically using a mixed model approach. The results show that mobility is an important feature of Saskatoon, and that a significant difference exists in the length of residency among the three neighbourhood clusters. However, the analysis indicates that there is no relationship between residential mobility and well-being as measured by self-reported quality of life and health.     

Until work do us part: Labour migration and occupational stratification in non-cohabiting marriage

While recent decades have seen considerable research on cohabitation without marriage, the study of marriage without cohabitation has not fared as well. Prior work on the latter has emphasized the importance of occupational stratification, but ignored the social context around occupation, particularly regarding labour mobility and economic development. In this paper, we outline the significance of contemporary labour mobility and concomitant occupational stratification for the risk of non-cohabiting marriage, and use data from the IPUMS–International project to provide a cross-national accounting of non-cohabiting marriage. We focus on two issues: first, how does prevalence vary across countries, across time, and with respect to economic development? Second, how do the core dynamics of labour mobility—including migration, occupational status, and economic development—influence the probability of non-cohabiting marriage? Results indicate broad cross-national differences in prevalence, increasing risk over time, and a pattern of accumulating risk associated with multifaceted social disadvantage.