农村老年人口绝对贫困及其影响因素——物质剥夺视角下的实证研究

基于物质剥夺视角构建了农村老年人绝对贫困形成机制框架,利用来自河南和陕西两省216个村庄的大样本农户调查数据,通过五个维度的物质剥夺指标对农村老年人绝对贫困进行了直接测量,并进一步系统考察了经济资源和基本需要两个层面的因素对老年人绝对贫困的影响.结果发现,农村老年人在住房和医疗两个维度的剥夺比例最高.传统的收入贫困测量手段并不能准确识别出实际经历物质剥夺的农村贫困老年人.除了收入之外,不同类型的家庭资产、 信贷支持、 政府救助等其他经济资源都能有效缓解老年人物质剥夺状况.而独居和负面健康冲击则会显著提高老年人的剥夺发生率和严重程度.     

劳动力流动对农户多维相对贫困的影响研究

劳动力流动能够提高资源配置效率，带动农村家庭增收致富，从而为实现共同富裕目标奠定基础。文章基于中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）2014～2018年数据，首先利用A-F方法从收入、教育、健康、资产、住房、生活水平、社会保障、主观态度八个维度对农户多维相对贫困剥夺得分进行测度，利用面板双向固定效应、倾向匹配得分法实证劳动力流动对农户多维相对贫困的影响。其次，将流动的劳动力是否有资金汇回纳入分析框架，进一步佐证劳动力流动的减贫效应。再次，采用中介效应模型研究劳动力流动对农户多维相对贫困的社会资本减贫机制。最后，利用面板随机Probit模型从单个维度分别探究劳动力流动的减贫效应及其异质性。研究发现：（1）无论流动的劳动力是否有资金汇回，劳动力流动能够显著缓解农户多维相对贫困且具有稳健性。（2）劳动力流动可以通过扩大其社会关系网络和社会声望缓解农户多维相对贫困。（3）劳动力流动显著缓解除教育以外物质层面的贫困维度，但加剧了社会保障及主观态度维度的贫困。（4）劳动力流动增加了低人力资本水平农村家庭及中年期、老年期农村家庭陷入社会保障维度贫困的概率，降低了青年期家庭陷入社会保障维度贫困的概率，增加了中、...     

农村劳动力流动减贫效应的实证研究——基于甘肃省农户的调查

农村劳动力流动和转移是农村反贫困的重要路径之一,对缓解农村贫困有重要的作用。本文以甘肃省1 749个农户的调研数据为研究样本,在描述性统计分析的基础之上提出关于劳动力流动和贫困之间关系的四个假设。针对提出的假设,本文采用Double-log模型对农户收入进行弹性分析,发现农户家庭外出务工劳动力对农户家庭人均收入有显著的正向作用,进一步应用Probit模型对影响农户家庭劳动力流动的因素进行回归分析,发现外出劳动力的年龄、性别、职业、受教育程度、健康状况及工作地点和主要技能等对劳动力流动有重要的直接影响且间接地影响家庭的贫困状况,进而直接或间接地对所提出的假设进行了证明。劳动力流动与贫困之间存在双向关系,务工收入是农户家庭的主要收入来源。因此,劳动力流动对于减少农村贫困发生率,促进农业生产要素的合理配置和缓解农村生态贫困等都有积极作用。     

我国城市贫困家庭的灾难性卫生支出研究

本文用社会分层、社会风险理论探讨了灾难性卫生支出新的测量方法,通过对四城市800户属于当地贫困人口医疗救助制度救助对象的家庭进行问卷调查,了解他们的医药费用负担情况,从中发现卫生支出加深了调研家庭的贫困程度。多元回归表明影响灾难性卫生支出发生的因素有医疗保障、家庭收入、人口、家庭健康状况及是否有成员住院。在调研结果的基础上,对如何通过完善医疗救助减少灾难性卫生支出提出了政策建议。     

贫困地区劳动力迁移、农户收入与贫困的缓解——基于新疆农户面板数据的实证分析

本文基于新疆30个贫困县、3000个农户、2008-2010年的微观面板数据,在控制了家庭规模、劳动力数量等家庭特征变量和粮食播种面积等村庄特征变量的前提下．运用固定效应法与工具变量法分别考察了劳动力迁移规模、迁移方式与迁移区位对家庭收入的影响．并进一步分析了劳动力迁移对贫困的缓解效应。回归结果表明：劳动力迁移规模虽然对农户农业收入有负向影响．但显著提高了农户人均收入与利他性收入：自发性迁移与政府组织性迁移方式均能显著提高农户收入,且自发性迁移的作用更强;省内县外迁移对农户收入的提高最为显著,其次为县内乡外迁移．省外迁移不影响农户收入：劳动力迁移规模提高了中等收入农户的收入水平。但对贫困户的贫困无缓解效应．也不影响富裕户的收入水平。     

农村老人自理能力、服务需求与家庭贫困关联度分析

伴随人口老龄化加速和养老模式的变迁,农村人口养老问题越来越成为学术界关注的重要议题。农村老龄人口在养老上不仅面临较大的经济压力,同时由于成年劳动力的外流,在养老服务上也面临着供给不足。农村老龄贫困家庭尤为值得关注,老龄人口的自理能力是否会对家庭贫困产生影响?家庭贫困与老人自理能力及服务需求存在什么样的关系?这些问题都急需解决,基于此,文章以精准识别家庭贫困成因为思路,以老龄化为视角,探析农村老龄人口自理能力、服务需求与家庭贫困三个变量之间的关联性。具体方法是基于CHNS数据库1989²011年9次调查面板数据,通过建立联立方程模型分别对各个假设进行面板Logit回归估计检验。检验结果表明,农村老人自理能力与服务需求显著正相关,与低收入家庭、家庭规模呈现显著负相关;老人服务需求与家庭收入、生活质量呈显著负相关,自理能力对服务需求有显著的正向作用;服务需求满足程度、个人收入与医疗保险对老年家庭贫困有显著的负向作用,自理能力对农村老人家庭贫困影响并不显著。进一步的研究发现非老人家庭中自理能力、服务需求与家庭贫困也有显著的关联性。因此,自理能力、服务需求与家庭贫困存在显著的相关性,针对农村老年贫困家庭,应优先满足其经济和健康需求,从而为精准识别老年贫困和精准帮扶贫困家庭提供支持,在此基础上,逐步改善农村老龄人口养老服务状况,提升其生活质量。     

贫困地区农户的多维贫困测量与分解——基于2010年中国农村贫困监测的农户数据

多维贫困能够较为全面地反映贫困地区农户生活状况。本文利用具有全国代表性的中国农村贫困监测调查数据对我国农村贫困地区多维贫困状况进行测量,并对多维贫困指数进行分解。研究发现,低收入农户经受着更为严重的多维贫困状况,低收入农户和中等偏下农户多维贫困状况对贫困线变动更为敏感,但贫困线的提高更为显著地增加了中等偏下组农户的多维贫困贡献率。因贫困人口数量的不同,各省农户多维贫困程度和其贡献率并不一致。特殊类型贫困地区多维贫困状况致贫原因中,地形因素的影响大于民族特征因素。贫困维度分解表明,我国农村贫困地区农户面临的最严重问题是饮水问题而非增收问题。     

关于中国贫困的动态多维度研究

文章利用中国健康与营养调查8个调查年度的数据,基于能力方法的视角,选用收入、教育和生活质量3个维度,对中国的贫困状况进行了动态多维度考察,结果发现:(1)相对于单一的收入贫困,多维贫困程度更为严重、波动性更大,贫困人口应对外部冲击的脆弱性明显,其中教育贫困尤其严重。(2)尽管农村与城市之间收入贫困趋于收敛,但近年来农村多维贫困对全国的贡献度高达80%以上,城乡间多维贫困差异有不断扩大的趋势。(3)指标等权重情形下的多维贫困随时间推移呈平稳快速下降态势,其中生活质量改善对多维贫困下降的贡献度最大。(4)就影响多维贫困的外在环境因素而言,东部地区的多维贫困下降明显快于其他地区,家庭中劳动力及户主的特征也对多维贫困产生显著影响。文章探讨了多维贫困的致因和消除多维贫困的政策选择。     

医疗保险对农村居民家庭消费的影响分析--基于不同收入层级的跨地区比较

利用2009、2010农村固定观察点数据,分析了医疗保险对不同地区、不同收入层级的农村居民家庭医疗消费支出和非医疗消费支出的影响。实证结果表明：医疗保险对农村居民家庭的医疗类消费不存在显著影响,对非医疗类消费支出则存在显著的正向促进作用。分地区来看,医疗保险对东西部地区农村居民家庭医疗类消费的影响差异显著,对东中部地区农村居民家庭非医疗类消费支出的影响同样差异显著;分收入层级来看,医疗保险对家庭医疗类消费的影响在不同收入层级的农村居民家庭之间不存在显著差异,但对非医疗类消费支出的影响在不同收入层级之间差异显著。此外,商业医疗保险作为医疗保险体系的重要组成部分,对促进农村消费起到带动作用。最后,本文从加大政府补贴和完善保障机制两个方面提出政策建议以期有效降低农村居民家庭超常的预防性储蓄,促进农村居民家庭消费。     

卫生医疗资源的可及性与农村儿童的健康问题

文章利用中国健康与营养调查2000年数据,分析目前中国农村卫生医疗资源的可及性及其对农村儿童健康状况的影响。实证结果发现,卫生医疗资源对不同社会经济特征家庭具有不公平的可及性。新时期卫生医疗资源的投入和使用应更着眼于提高农村儿童及其家庭公平享有卫生医疗资源的程度,从而有效地提高贫困及低受教育水平家庭儿童的健康水平,促进农村地区和谐发展。     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

山东省人口发展与工业化城镇化的互动及其协调发展

改革开放至今,山东省的人口发展与工业化城镇化发展相互促进,共同推动了人口再生产方式的转变和工业化城镇化进程,进入了健康、合理、良性互动的发展时期。但是,人口规模持续膨胀、城镇化发展水平滞后、城镇体系结构不合理、人口分布与城镇分布矛盾等问题依然制约人口与工业化城镇化的协调发展。促进人口数量、素质、结构、分布协调发展,走新型工业化和新型城镇化道路,实现人口与工业化城镇化协调发展,是山东省不懈的追求。