解决中小企业融资问题需发展中小银行

关于中小企业融资难问题众说纷纭,如中小企业信用整体不佳、信息不对称、中小企业信用担保体系不健全、商业银行贷款门槛过高、银行为中小企业提供的金融服务品种少等等。笔者认为,我国目前没有建立起有利于中小企业发展的金融服务体系,现行金融结构与社会经济中的企业、产业性质不相匹配才是造成中小企业外源融资困难的根本原因。中小企业外源融资形式中小企业外源融资有直接融资和间接融资两种形式:(一)直接融资。一方面,由于中小企业经营、规模等方面的条件制约和债券市场本身发展的滞后,中小企业发行债券进行融资的可能性是非常小的;另…     

市域经济区域内小微企业信贷创新浅析

随着我国改革开放的不断深入,以城市为发展核心的市域经济发展逐渐发挥着越来越重要的作用。作为市域经济区域内的广大小微企业对经济发展、就业、税收等各方面有重要贡献。长期以来,尽管各级政府出台了一系列政策措施,辖内的小微企业"融资难、贷款难"问题依然突出。本文就现阶段商业银行如何为市域经济区域内的小微企业提供信贷创新服务展开分析,从操作层面为改善目前小微企业贷款难现象提供建议。     

小微企业面临困境研究分析

小微企业是我国市场经济重要构成部分,在经济的发展和社会的稳定上都做出了重要的贡献。然而,随着时间的推移,小微企业面临的问题日益突出。本文将从融资、企业的竞争力、企业成本等几个方面进行研究。并对目前我国小微企业存在的融资难、企业生命周期短等问题提出相应的解决对策,为我国小微企业的发展提出新的思路。从而促进我国小微企业健康地发展。     

劳动就业和企业发展两促进--衡阳市人社局服务中小微企业发展侧记

促进中小微企业发展,是解决地方市域经济和社会诸多难题的重要举措。中小微企业得到发展,也是实现劳动者充分就业、实现更高质量就业的基础。今年以来,湖南省衡阳市人社局主动对接企业需求,主动对接发展要素,加大服务力度,有力地助推了该市小微企业发展。
　　对接资金要素,着力解决企业融资难问题
　　优先为中小微企业提供小额担保贷款。根据《湖南省促进就业小额担保贷款实施办法》（湘政办发[2009]34号）文件精神,对符合条件的劳动密集型中小微企业优先发放小额担保贷款。2013年上半年,该市发放小额担保贷款938笔共计14684万元,扶持创业并带动就业1.5万人次。     

中小企业融资与集合债券

在我国，中小企业融资一直是一个热点话题。融资难，则是这一热点话题的中心。中小企业融资难问题的存在由来已久。其持续时间之长也就说明了要靠传统方法解决这一问题十分不易。解决融资难的问题，让中小企业能更好地为我国的经济发展做出贡献，就成了非常重要的问题。文中通过对中小企业融资现状的分析，提出用发行集合债券的方式解决融资难的问题。     

我国小微企业“融资之道”探索

在我国社会主义市场经济的发展过程中,小微企业逐渐成为国民经济增长的重要引擎,提供大量就业,增加财政税收.但同时,小微企业的生存现状堪忧,尤其是在融资方面存在重重障碍,严重影响了小微企业的成长性、盈利性及产业升级能力,因此采取相应措施,如建立地方小微企业信用评级档案及共享系统、定期公布有关较高信用等级小微企业的政府推荐名单等等,来改善我国小微企业融资难的现状,不仅对企业自身成长有利,而且对国民经济整体发展也有着重要价值.     

融资租赁——我国中小企业融资的新途径

改革开放以来,我国中小企业成为支撑经济发展的重要力量。然而,中小企业资金短缺的问题仍没有从根本上得到解决,融资难仍是当前困扰中小企业发展的一个突出问题。与其他融资方式相比,融资租赁具有满足中小企业融资的独特优势,非常适合中小企业融资的需要。融资租赁的基本内容融资租赁是企业根据自身设备投资的需要向租赁公司提出设备租赁的要求,租赁公司负责融资并采购相应的设备,然后交付承租企业使用,承租企业按期交付租金,租赁期满时承租企业享有停租、续租或留购设备的选择权。融资租赁是一种适应性较强的融资方式,是集融资与融物、金融…     

新疆中小企业信用担保公司运作的功能缺陷及改进对策

中小企业融资难是一个世界性的问题。而我国西部中小企业由于经济体制改革滞后所带来的制约因素和由于缺乏基本融资规定所带来的不利影响,使得中小企业的融资问题表现得更为复杂。据对新疆7家商业银行2001年对中小企业贷款申请和发放情况的调查,2001年共接受企业贷款4226笔,实际发放贷款3477笔,在未发放的749笔中由于企业不符合贷款条件的为592笔。而这592笔中由于担保、抵押不落实的就有96笔,占16.2%;而自身缺乏担保资产而又难找到第三方担保而导致贷不上款的企业,已占中小企业的67%。新疆中小企业信用担保公司运作功能缺陷透视新疆中小企…     

基于政治经济学的视角对微型企业的融资问题探析

当前我国经济社会的发展处在攻坚时期。党中央、国务院一直重视微型企业的健康发展,而目前摆在微型企业面前最大的问题是融资问题。2012年温家宝总理在主持召开国务院常务会议时就提出了进一步支持小型和微型企业健康发展,解决企业融资困难等问题。在解决微型企业融资难问题过程中,政府和银行要加大支持力度发挥其应有作用。而企业需要注重自身综合实力的建设,尤其需要完善诚信体制,提高核心竞争力,以改善企业融资环境。     

化解中小企业融资困境的多种对策

资金是企业的血液,是企业发展的第一推动力和持续推动力。资金短缺是各国(地区)中小企业发展过程中普遍存在的问题,融资困难是目前制约我国中小企业发展的瓶颈障碍。中小企业融资难,表面上是一个资金问题,实质上反映出在资源配置机制的转变过程中,政府、银行、企业三者如何有机结合融入到新的市场经济的金融体制中去的问题。解决中小企业融资难的问题,可采用多种方法多管齐下,具体对策有:1.完善银行信贷管理体制,加强对中小企业的金融服务解决中小企业融资难,关键仍要充分发挥金融部门的主渠道作用。目前,国有商业银行已设置专门的中小企业…     

构建中小企业虚拟融资平台研究

在信贷市场中,信息不对称严重地制约着中小企业的融资供给,信贷成本高企和信贷额度偏低引起的风险管理机制与激励机制不相容降低了银行对中小企业信贷的积极性。随着大数据时代的到来和互联网金融的蓬勃发展,能够真实反映企业经营状况的包括信息流、物流、资金流等在内的一系列信息应得到有效利用。构建中小企业虚拟融资平台模式,能够突破传统信贷对企业经营结果的审查定性,而转移到对企业经营过程的监督定性上,有利于彻底解决中小企业融资难问题。在一定程度上,通过对企业历史经营数据和现时经营信息的搜集与量化定性,不仅能够扭转资金供求双方间的信息不对称,也能通过企业沉淀信息降低银行间信息搜集成本。     

Financing low-income housing in South Africa: Borrower experiences and perceptions of banks

South Africa is facing a low-income housing crisis, with the current backlog estimated at over three million units. An obstacle in the provision of low-income housing is the difficulty encountered by commercial banks to extend loans in this market despite supporting initiatives by Government. A lack of knowledge on the borrowing behaviour, preferences and experiences of low-income households in accessing housing finance from the commercial banking sector in South Africa hampers an understanding of the reasons for these problems. This paper's contribution is to provide information on the experiences and perceptions of low-income borrowers in the housing market of South Africa, specifically in their dealings with commercial banks. Results from a survey of 653 households across five provinces of the country are provided. In the survey, a structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the experiences and perceptions of low-income households about their access to credit and housing finance, their experience of banks, the successes in credit approval, their judgements on the suitability of banks’ home-loan products, as well as preferences with regard to prices and interest rates.     

SMALL‐ AND MEDIUM‐SIZED ENTERPRISE FINANCING AND SECURITIZATION: FIRM‐LEVEL EVIDENCE FROM THE EURO AREA

This paper analyzes the impact of securitization on access to finance for small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the euro area. Using firm‐level survey data on SME financing conditions, we show that an increase in securitization issuance reduces the probability of SMEs facing credit constraints and decreases the costs of bank financing for nonconstrained firms. Our results reveal that in addition to the volume of securitization, its type and quality matter for credit extension to SMEs. The paper thus provides empirical support for recent initiatives to revive securitization in Europe and for effective monetary policy transmission in the euro area. (JEL D22, E44, E51, E58, G21)     

加快培育科技银行 探索建立科技型中小企业金融服务新模式

加快培育和建立科技银行,不但可以增加银行金融机构种类,有利于进一步完善银行金融机构体系,优化银行金融机构结构,而且科技银行提供的金融服务正好能契合、匹配和满足科技型中小企业特殊的融资需求,这是破解我国科技型中小企业融资难问题的现实需求和必然选择,有利于化解现有银行经营体制、经营模式与科技型中小企业融资需求之间的结构性矛盾;同时,此举作为科技创新与金融创新结合的有效切入点和突破口,有利于通过体制、机制的改革和创新,从根本上化解科技与金融结合的深层次矛盾。     

推出市政债券为新型城镇化建设融资

新型城镇化建设的融资需求已引起各方主体的高度重视,探索推出市政债券是其中一个重要举措。为此,当前应加快立法,加强法制建设,健全法律法规体系,完善相关法律制度;规范地方政府举债行为,强化对地方政府举债的市场约束,构建多元化的城镇化建设融资体系,建立可持续的城镇化建设融资机制;严格执行财经纪律,构建地方政府的财政信用,强化地方财政预算约束,提高地方财政预算执行的透明度;完善信用风险管理制度,加强信用风险管理,有效防范和控制市政债券的信用风险;制定市政债券投资的税收优惠政策,增强对投资者的吸引力,发展壮大投资者队伍。     

INFORMATION COSTS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF CREDIT MARKETS: A THEORY OF INDIRECT LENDING

This paper explains indirect lending as a strategy for reducing a bank's cost of screening borrowers. Commercial banks appear to "ration" credit by rejecting some direct loan applicants, although they accept higher-risk borrowers who apply for loans indirectly through retailers. However, the more thorough credit check on direct loans causes applicants to sort themselves according to risk. Indirect applicants signal their higher risk through their choice of financing. Since banks gather more accurate information on direct applicants, the two types of contracts should differ in predictable ways. These implications are tested with Federal Reserve data on 5,000 automobile loans.     

地方政府融资平台视角下我国市政债券风险管理的思考

发行地方政府债券是地方政府筹措资金比较规范的途径,应逐步放开地方政府发债限制,引入市场化融资机制,允许符合条件的省级政府发行一定规模的地方债券。首先由财政部制定地方发行债券总规模控制指标,再由全国性信用评级机构评级后发行。允许地方政府发行债券,可以将贷款风险转化为显性的可控制的政府债务风险。通过债券发行等形式筹资建设的项目,往往具有相对较高的透明度以及相对较严格的自我约束;通过市场的监督机制,可以更有效地避免地方政府负债的非理性扩张。     

Embeddedness and capital markets: Bank financing of businesses

The article examines the social and economic dimensions of capital markets, particularly the effects of bank and capital market structure; lending criteria and bank policies; and demand for credit, on bank financing of businesses. A critical problem in most capital markets is that lenders have inadequate information to assess the risk and creditworthiness of loan applicants. We find that many bankers continue to use assessments of character as a signal of the potential borrower's creditworthiness. Banking deregulation limits the range of signals available to lenders and therefore may have detrimental consequences for banks and local economies.     

The Structure of the Chinese Banking System and Credit Access Problems for SMEs

This paper examines the structure and the main characteristics of the Chinese banking industry. In particular, the paper analyses the problematic aspects of credit relations of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The SMEs are facing several problems in accessing the bank loans market, dominated by the political and contractual weight of state-owned enterprises. However, some recent reforms have improved the situation, a fundamental condition for additional positive results. Nevertheless, further and more pervasive modernization efforts are needed to consolidate these results and to develop the relationships between banks and SMEs.

NOT ALL BANKS ARE EQUAL: COOPERATIVE BANKING AND INCOME INEQUALITY

This paper studies the role of different types of credit institutions in income inequality. By analyzing Italian local (provincial) credit markets over the 2001–2011 period, we find that cooperative banks mitigate income inequality in local communities more than their commercial counterparts. The results also suggest that it is the specific nature and orientation of cooperative banks, more than their relationship lending technologies, that improve income distribution. The impact of cooperative banking on inequality appears however to be partly channeled by a reduced dynamism of local economies, especially lower migratory flows and business turnover. (JEL G21, G38, O15)