“硬件产品+软件服务”视角下的产品定价策略研究——以iOS和Android为例

智能手机通过"硬件产品+软件服务"的方式，影响着越来越多人的生活，如何处理硬件与软件间的关系，已经成为行业亟需妥善处理的问题。通过分析iOS和Android生态系统中，硬件厂商与第三方软件提供商间的关系以及用户对硬件和软件的选择行为，从竞争的角度构建硬件厂商的产品价格优化决策模型，并结合iOS和Android的现实情况和行业发展趋势对模型进行拓展。模型分析结果揭示了硬件免费的基本逻辑：尽管iOS较高的应用内购买服务费会提高用户的软件服务购买成本，使部分用户流失到Android平台，从而降低iOS在软件服务领域的提成收益，在软件服务收益降低的同时，较高的应用内购买服务费会使苹果公司的硬件销售量大幅增加，从而在总体上使苹果公司的收益增加。而Android平台的硬件厂商想要实现对iOS平台硬件产品的逆袭，除了倡导"硬件免费"外，在未来还需要在品牌价值方面有大幅度的超越。     

Planning a computer network: The octopus experience

The author of this article is engaged in software design and implementation for the decade-old Octopus computer network. This network remains in a continual state of growth and change in a constant effort to take advantage of the most advanced hardware and software available from an ever-developing technology. Those planning a computer network or other complex computer system should benefit by considering the Octopus experience with regard to the needs of computer users, methods of design, network and operating system structure, security and privacy, the management of limited resources, and the advantages of locally generated hardware and software.     

Teaching operations research on microcomputers

Teaching operations research on microcomputers is just beginning. The first educational packages (diskettes plus guides) recently appeared (1983) on the market, and many faculty members and trainers in industry are wondering how to evaluate and use these or industry packages in an efficient and effective manner. This paper examines this issue from different aspects: experience in the classroom, software availability, criteria for selecting classroom software, and microcomputer hardware.     

The Hardware-Happiness Hype

This is a casual critique of the effect of the computer revolution on human productivity. The computer (especially the home computer) may be just one more example in a long line of examples of disappointing hardware solutions to human problems. The potential c auses of this disappointment are the lack of useful software for home computers, the labor-intensive nature of many computer applications, and the computer's ability to reinforce playing-with-the-computer rather than working-on-the-task-at-hand.     

企业种群间协同演化的规律与实证研究

本文通过定义两个不同但又存在某种关系的企业种群的共生互利关系、协同演化以及度量其程度的概念;分析其一般协同演化的规律以及渐进型不断改进、突破性技术创新、新技术标准的确立对计算硬件及软件两个企业种群协同演化、相互促进的影响,提出了4种假设。限于数据搜集的困难,仅仅就其中的假设1-2进行了定量的实证,对假设1-4做定性的实证检验,定性和定量的实证结果支持假设1-4。     

基于“硬件/软件”平台产品性能改进的定价策略与激励合同研究

构建了一个“硬件/软件”平台，平台一边是互补内容或服务的提供商，一边是购买平台产品和内容的最终消费者。在刻画平台产品和内容之间互补网络效应的基础上，考虑平台产品性能改进，运用博弈论方法，揭示了平台产品定价、内容定价、平台收费及平台产品性能水平决策的内在机理，并进一步探索了优化平台产品性能的激励合同设计。研究结果表明：(1)在一定条件下平台产品可以亏本销售，但内容必须具有盈利性。(2)互补性网络效应越强、平台产品性能改进效率越高或敏感系数越小将促使平台提高产品性能并制定更高的平台接入费，同时内容价格也会提高。但平台产品性能水平与其价格的变化并不总是保持一致。(3)数量折扣和固定转移支付合同的组合合同可以实现双边市场系统的协调并进一步优化平台产品性能水平，且当固定转移费用在一定范围内时，实现平台和内容提供商利润的帕累托改进。     

Integrating Software into PRA: A Test-Based Approach

Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is a methodology to assess the probability of failure or success of a system's operation. PRA has been proved to be a systematic, logical, and comprehensive technique for risk assessment. Software plays an increasing role in modern safety critical systems. A significant number of failures can be attributed to software failures. Unfortunately, current probabilistic risk assessment concentrates on representing the behavior of hardware systems, humans, and their contributions (to a limited extent) to risk but neglects the contributions of software due to a lack of understanding of software failure phenomena. It is thus imperative to consider and model the impact of software to reflect the risk in current and future systems. The objective of our research is to develop a methodology to account for the impact of software on system failure that can be used in the classical PRA analysis process. A test-based approach for integrating software into PRA is discussed in this article. This approach includes identification of software functions to be modeled in the PRA, modeling of the software contributions in the ESD, and fault tree. The approach also introduces the concepts of input tree and output tree and proposes a quantification strategy that uses a software safety testing technique. The method is applied to an example system, PACS.     

Managing information through expert systems

The availability of accurate and timely information is critical to the productivity of any organization. Due to the wide variety of hardware and software used in an organization, field transfer from one computer to another poses a serious bottleneck in information processing. This paper describes an expert system developed to determine if file transfer is possible between two computers and, if so, to identify the steps required to accomplish this objective.     

Flexibility in manufacturing systems

Considerable interest is now being shown in the concept of flexible manufacturing systems. This paper reviews the early experience of a number of UK users and examines the range of choice now opening up for firms engaged in batch manufacturing operations. Although the potential benefits of flexible manufacturing (such as reduced lead times or inventory levels) are significant, achieving these in practice depends on successfully resolving a number of problem issues. In particular, the question of integration—both technological (hardware/software) and organisational—needs to be addressed. The paper discusses progress made in the firms studied in dealing with these issues and identifies a number of dimensions along which other organisations considering the implementation of flexible manufacturing systems will need to adapt.     

Tutorial: Parallel Computing of Simulation Models for Risk Analysis

Simulation models are widely used in risk analysis to study the effects of uncertainties on outcomes of interest in complex problems. Often, these models are computationally complex and time consuming to run. This latter point may be at odds with time‐sensitive evaluations or may limit the number of parameters that are considered. In this article, we give an introductory tutorial focused on parallelizing simulation code to better leverage modern computing hardware, enabling risk analysts to better utilize simulation‐based methods for quantifying uncertainty in practice. This article is aimed primarily at risk analysts who use simulation methods but do not yet utilize parallelization to decrease the computational burden of these models. The discussion is focused on conceptual aspects of embarrassingly parallel computer code and software considerations. Two complementary examples are shown using the languages MATLAB and R. A brief discussion of hardware considerations is located in the Appendix.     

Newsvendor Pricing Problem in a Two‐Sided Market

We study the pricing problem of a “platform” intermediary to jointly determine the selling price of the platforms (hardware) sold to consumers and the royalty charged to content developers for content (software), when the demands for content and for platforms are interdependent. Our model elucidates the impact of supply chain replenishment costs and demand uncertainty on the strategic issues of platform pricing in a two‐sided market.     

Critical success factors of web-based supply-chain management systems: an exploratory study

This paper reports the results of a survey on the critical success factors (CSFs) of web-based supply-chain management systems (WSCMS). An empirical study was conducted and an exploratory factor analysis of the survey data revealed five major dimensions of the CSFs for WSCMS implementation, namely (1) communication, (2) top management commitment, (3) data security, (4) training and education, and (5) hardware and software reliability. The findings of the results provide insights for companies using or planning to use WSCMS.     

收益的定价管理在网络空间租赁中的应用

将收益管理技术引入网络空间租赁领域,通过对网络空间特点的分析,得出影响供应商定价的5种因素:软硬件配置及基础设施建设、服务、租赁空间的大小、租赁时间和技术进步,并通过相关数据说明这些因素对供应商定价产生的影响。将收益管理与网络租赁产品价格设计联系起来,简要阐述了网络产品价格设计的全过程,并针对当前价格设计中存在的问题,提出了几种有效的解决方法。     

A taxonomic view of illegal transfer of technologies: A case study

Illegal transfer of technology (ITT) is one of the major policy formulation, industrial management, and law enforcement issues of this decade. It includes industrial espionage, the piracy of; software, logos, and hardware designs and it overlaps with issues of terrorism and those involving weapons of mass destruction. It is of concern at corporate, national, and world-body levels. Technology herein is defined broadly to include intellectual property. ITT involves various kinds of players, takes on various modalities and is done for various motivations. The ITT literature is very disjoint and disparate. It transcends several academic disciplines, professions and professional communities. To remedy such fractionation this paper offers a taxonomy defining the field in its entirety while delineating all of its facets in a manner that is parsimonious yet discriminating. A number of actionable uses for the taxonomy are identified as are its potential users.     

Ex Post Problems in Buyer–Supplier Transactions: Effects of Transaction Characteristics, Social Embeddedness, and Contractual Governance

This paper focuses on ex post governance of inter-firm transactions. We develop and test hypotheses on the occurrence of ex post problems like delivery delays, inferior quality, and insufficient service in buyer–supplier transactions. Our hypotheses address effects of transaction characteristics, of social embeddedness, and of contractual governance on the occurrence of problems. Other than earlier research on embeddedness effects in this field, we consider not only effects of dyadic embeddedness but also effects of network embeddedness. We test hypotheses using rich survey data on more than 1200 purchases of information technology (IT) products: hardware and software, both standard and complex. We find evidence for effects of transaction characteristics on the occurrence of problems, while our data do not support hypotheses on effects of contractual governance. Our data provide rather consistent support for hypotheses on the effects of embeddedness. Specifically, we find evidence that network embeddedness reduces problems.     

Concurrent product development for fast-track corporations

Fast-Track corporations take strategic initiatives in responding quickly even to weak signals from their external environments. Implementation of this strategic intent demands an effective mobilization of the organization's internal resources and configuration. This paper begins by discussing the evolving micro-economic relationship between producers and consumers of goods and services in globalized economy, and explores the origins of organizations' product development programmes. Then classical and current approaches to product development are reviewed with respect to understanding the anatomy of a concurrent approach. Three different modes of integration, with stress on hardware, humanware and software, are discussed. A portfolio of alternative routes to achieving concurrence is proposed.     

Manufacturing resource planning: An information systems model

This paper presents Manufacturing Resource Planning, an information system that will enable the developing and monitoring of strategic plans. Incorporation proven material and capacity requirements planning techniques, strategic planners can determine readily the impact of their plans on the manufacturing resources of the company. Decision making is more coordinated because all managers work from a common data base. However, the attainment of this level of planning sophistication is costly not only in capital outlays for computer software and hardware but also in the time to train users. But those firms who have successfully incorporated this integrated approach to strategic planning feel strongly that the end results justify the expenditures.     

Organizing for Global Competition

Global information technology (i.e., computer hardware, software, and data communications shared across country boundaries) can support the multinational firm as it seeks to coordinate global operations, diffuse innovations worldwide, or provide integrated service to a global corporate customer. The current study uses information processing theory as the basis for examining alternative organizational designs for information technology in a globally competing firm. Mail survey data gathered from information technology managers in 109 multinationals provide evidence that multinational firms use different and distinct ways of organizing their global information technology activities. The survey data also reveal that in nearly half of the organizations, the way information technology activities are organized is inconsistent with the way the organization is reportedly structured. A follow-up interview-based study sought explanations for these misfits. Several contingency variables were identified that may shed some light to the misfits. These included factors from both the firm's internal and external environments.     

The practice of operations research in Malaysia and Singapore

This paper examines various aspects of the use of computer-based operations research (OR) in organisations in Malaysia and Singapore. It discusses the extent of adoption of OR techniques, the frequency of use, the types of management decision on which the techniques are deployed and the functional areas using them. The extent to which computer availability has encouraged the use of OR, and the hardware and software support in the implementation of OR are considered. Also, the characteristics of the OR practitioners, implementation difficulties encountered and the management user's perception of the usefulness of OR techniques are studied. Further, reasons for nonusage and the prospects for OR in Malaysia and Singapore are explored. Finally, directions for further research that have not previously been raised are suggested. In general, the patterns of OR usage in these newly industrialising countries of south-east Asia are dissimilar to those in the developed countries.