主体功能区人口承载能力研究

从人口承载能力水平看,限制开发区、重点开发区、优化开发区总体呈现承载能力梯次降低的格局。无论优化开发区、重点开发区还是限制开发区人口承载能力满意程度出现了一定分化,人口的不平衡分布在不同开发区之间,以及开发区内部都得以显现。采取多管齐下的措施合理控制人口规模,引导人口向郊区流动,是京沪穗深等一线城市比较现实的政策取向。其他优化开发区和重点开发区应提高人口承载的短板,限制开发区要加大财政投入,提高公共服务水平,鼓励人口向宜居地区流动。     

人口容量与适度人口的热力学解释

对于地球的人口容量问题,人口学者曾做过许多尝试,并提出了不同版本的人口容量阙值。本文在借鉴前人的研究成果基础上,把生物圈的能量流动分为外部能量流动和内部能量流动,并在回顾人类社会发展历程中,提出人类社会的发展源自内能流能量的增加和人类对内能流能量使用效率的提高。进而又得出了人口容量和适度人口的热力学模型,及其热力学含义。     

广州人口老龄化与养老机构发展分析

1982—2010年,广州人口老龄化趋势持续,人口老龄化程度较轻。老龄化程度和老年人口的地区分布差异悬殊,据此将广州划分为三个老龄化类型区。广州养老机构数量、规模和结构已有较大发展．未来应继续提高收养服务能力,调节机构养老资源区域配置的不平衡。     

2000-2010年福建省人口死亡统计分析

人口死亡水平的变动与趋势包含了与社会发展互为因果的潜在信息,对其进行挖掘可以为人口数量与素质、城市化与劳动就业、人口分布与资源环境承载力以及人口老龄化等问题的解决提供重要参考。基于“五普”、“六普”的人口普查数据,文章利用模型生命表方法对福建省的人口死亡率进行了校正;宏观角度对比分析了2000年-2010年福建省人口死亡水平与模式变化,微观多角度剖析了设区市之间预期寿命、婴儿死亡的差异及其原因。研究结论为：一是福建省人口死亡率显著降低,人口健康水平大幅提升,婴儿死亡漏报、错报问题明显减少;二是九个设区市之间的死亡模式存在地区差异,城市化水平、生育水平及社会卫生条件是差异产生的显著性影响因素,但经济发展、教育水平和公共医疗卫生的作用不明显。     

四川人口素质水平的统计分析

本文运用主成分分析,对四川省21个市、州人口素质水平进行了排序和比较,并结合各地区经济发展水平的状况,分析了存在差异的主要原因,以便为更好地指导和规划人口的高素质发展提供一定的科学依据。     

人口承载力指标系的建立及量化

有关人口承载力概念、内涵、指标体系与评价模型的研究在我国已取得了长足的发展。纵观渊源,可归结为从容量、阈值、能力等角度分别进行的研究。然而,全球经济一体化进程的不断推进,开放式条件分析框架下的人口承载力已从简单意义上的"量"演变为复杂状况下"量"与"性"才能研究的目标对象。开放式条件作为现今必需的研究背景,结合环境和资源的相对稳定性、人口规模与经济规模大小的适应性,有必要建立衡量和评价人口承载力"质量"的指标系。通过围绕社会经济状况、环境资源、区域人口状况三系统讨论了人口承载力指标系的构建与量化。     

吉林省生态人口容量研究——以2002年为例

测定现今人类为了维持自身生存而利用的生物生产性土地面积的量,评估人类对地球生态系统的影响的模型叫做生态足迹模型,这是一种用来衡量可持续发展程度的有效方法。近年来,国内的一些学者纷纷开始将其应用于对生态承载力的计算。而一个区域生态人口容量的确定取决于区域生态承载力与区域人口对生态资源的需求。吉林省作为一个农业大省,其自然资源和人口数量的协调尤为重要。     

青海湖区人口状况考察及政策建议

鉴于青海湖区面临湖水水位持续下降、湿地面积逐年萎缩、土地沙化和草地退化日趋严重、生物多样性受到严重威胁等问题,本文从人与自然协调发展的角度,结合青海省正在争取实施的《青海湖流域生态环境保护与综合治理规划》项目,通过青海湖区人口承载能力的测算和未来人口发展趋势的预测,提出“保护青海湖生态环境应统筹解决人口问题”的观点,并从人口变动方面提出了统筹解决青海湖区人口问题的对策建议。     

主体功能区划背景下的甘肃省适度人口及人口再分布研究

主体功能区划促进了人口迁移和人口再分布。文章在甘肃省主体功能区划背景下,分析了甘肃省人口数量变化和空间布局特征．并利用P-E—R模型计算了重点开发区适度人口容量,进一步提出了人口再分布模式。结果表明：金川区、嘉峪关市、兰州市的人口承载能力强,适度人口容量大,而永登、榆中等9个县（区）的人口容量偏小,最后得出发展绿洲城镇、兰州都市圈、天水一陇南和陇东四大人口密集区的人口再分布格局。     

区域人口承载能力的多因素分析——以上海为例

上海人口增长的规划控制目标,从根本上取决于其人口承载量的拓展潜力.区域人口承载能力研究,所面对的是由人口、资源、环境、经济和社会构成的复杂巨系统,必须充分重视研究对象的系统属性.本文在构建区域人口承载能力系统框架的基础上,利用主成分分析法建立综合评价模型,并对上海在不同发展阶段,与不同标准相对应的各项资源经济要素所能提供的人口承载能力进行了测算分析.     

Population, nutrition and agriculture

The human carrying capacity of the world or a country is considered as a function of food consumption per capita. A method of assessing carrying capacity is described, and it is shown that the world’s population currently exceeds the global carrying capacity, that the population of the less-developed countries (LDCs) exceeds their carrying capacity, and that this situation cannot be expected to change more than marginally in the period up to 2050. It is also shown that a major increase in the global consumption of nitrogen fertilizer will be necessary if world crop production per capita is to be maintained at the current inadequate level.     

深圳市人口承载力分析及对策研究

本文运用系统动力学的方法。综合分析了在不同方案下土地与水等资源性因素对深圳未来人口承载力的影响。并根据对不同方案的结果以及它们对深圳城市发展的影响的评价,从人口、资源环境、政策法律和产业结构等方面提出了缓解深圳人口承载压力的政策建议。     

珠海市水资源承载力与人口均衡发展分析

对于人口均衡的内涵,不能单纯考虑人口自身系统,而应该寻求人口及其相关因素的作用,资源的利用和供给是影响人口发展的重要因素,部分资源如水资源甚至是决定人口规模的刚性因素。珠海的水资源较为丰富,但降雨年内分配不均,并且陆地少而海域多的地理状况不利于蓄水,造成季节性水资源供需紧张。珠海市水资源的开发利用直接影响珠海市的经济发展和人民的生活水平,因此,加强珠海市水资源及其承载能力问题的研究,通过估算水资源可承载的人口数量,寻求人口发展与资源环境承载能力相适应的水平,对最终实现珠海市人口均衡发展具有非常重要的意义。     

宁波地区外来人口犯罪特征及原因分析

改革开放后,宁波地区民营经济快速发展,吸引了大量外来人口投身经济建设中。外来人口的涌入在给经济带来积极影响的同时,也给社会治安带来了挑战,表现之一就是外来人口犯罪呈现高发的态势。在最近几年,宁波地区外来人口犯罪的趋势也随着形势的变化表现出特殊之处。究其原因,既受到宏观的社会方面因素的制约,也有微观层次的具体措施的影响。     

Does Projecting Enrollments by Race Produce More Accurate Results in New Jersey School Districts?

Since different races have unique fertility rates and migration patterns, performing school district enrollment projections by race and aggregating to a total may be more accurate than performing enrollment projections with all races combined. Twelve school districts in New Jersey of varying overall size and majority race percentages were used in this study to determine whether projecting enrollment by race or with all races combined is more accurate. Using historical enrollment data for a five-year period, the Cohort-Survival Ratio method was employed to project enrollment for a four-year period, 2003–04 through 2006–07. Projected enrollments were compared to actual enrollments in each district for both methods used for the purpose of determining whether district building capacity would be exceeded. Enrollments computed were district totals and enrollment by elementary, middle, and high school configurations. Percent differences were calculated for each district for the projection time period. The results showed that the projections with all races combined had lower percent differences as compared to the projections that were performed by race, particularly for smaller districts. However, the findings also showed that projecting enrollment by race might be suitable for larger districts with low majority race percentages. The results also demonstrated that projections by race are greater in magnitude than those projections performed with all races combined, which corroborates an earlier assertion by Keyfitz.     

“新东部”渔业资源人口承载力实证分析——以山东省为例

本文以“新东部”海洋渔业强省——山东为例,参照全国,对比了该区域相对渔业资源人口与经济承载力的理论值与实际值。文章倚重合理的权重选择,研究了从1978到2004年其人口与渔业资源的匹配关系。研究表明。山东渔业资源人口承载力经历了从超载、极大富余到富余三种状态,但未来发展存在不确定性。这些不确定性表明“新东部”海洋资源人口承戢力的存在、持续发展与海洋生物技术水平发展、人类生活方式选择、海洋环境生态等多种因素密切关联。海洋渔业资源来源的不确定性以及人类海洋技术掌握的局限性将决定其人口承载力的极值。目前只有抛弃粗暴利用海洋渔业资源的方式。才能长久维持人与海洋渔业资源的和谐与互惠。     

Dispersal and reproductive properties of sugarcane bugs,Cavelerius saccharivorus

Summary The distribution of sugarcane bugs,Cavelerius saccharivorus is remarkably patchy at time of the peak emergence of the first generation adult in early summer. In population near carrying capacity 70% of adults become macropterous, and they move to sparse populations or vacuum areas. The experiment on the reproductive difference between females from field populations with different densities, showed that the overcrowding restricted their oviposition. On the further experiment it was shown that reproductive ability of macropterous adults or dispersers was not much inferior to that of brachypterous from sparse populations. Overcrowding at time of the peak emergence is reduced by the dispersal. Hence the intraspecific competition is a transient condition. The oviposition is at first restricted in residents of dense populations as compared with brachypterous adults of sparse populations, but the difference becomes small as the former density decreases by the emigration. The last section considers the relation of the reproductive rate and dispersal risk to the rate of dispersal with the simple model, which explains the characteristic dispersal of this species.     

Demography and Policy: A View from Outside the Discipline

Scientists, individually and through their national academies, have often pointed to the major role of population growth in damaging humanity's life‐support systems, emphasizing the overriding need for population stabilization. Demography and its practitioners, however, in focusing on technical analyses of population change and its components, have largely neglected these critical issues. Where they have taken an interest in population—environment relationships, their voices have been little heard in public debate and have had scant political impact. Demographers should promote their expertise more aggressively, in particular through a new environmental demography, modeled perhaps on environmental economics. This should be a collaborative enterprise with ecologists and other environmental scientists, concerned with issues of carrying capacity, encouraging and planning for future population reduction, and researching population policies that are humane and accord due attention to environmental sustainability.     

关于北京市宣武区社区居家养老模式初探

2005年以来,北京市宣武区在辖区牛街街道和大栅栏街道试点推行了居家养老工作。在开展居家养老试点工作中,始终从老年人的实际需求出发,坚持“抓好软件、优化硬件、老人受益”的原则,以高龄困难老年人为重点服务对象,面向全体老年人,使广大老年人居家就可以享受到“就近、快捷、优质”的服务。通过“政府扶持,加强领导;依托社区,构建居家养老服务平台;社会参与,全方位推进居家养老服务工作”的运作格局,取得了“投资少、见效快、老人得实惠”的良好效果。本文对宣武区居家养老试点工作进行了全面系统的总结,使之具有较强的理论性和可操作性,对于今后开展居家养老工作具有一定的借鉴作用。     

人口承载力预警系统研究

为了考察我国各个地区人口区域分布的合理性,我们改变了仅用人口密度来衡量人口分布的通常做法,通过引用适度人口指标考察了我国各省市经济人口承载容量和资源环境人口承载容量。并在此基础上建立了我国各省市人口承载力预警系统,为决策者制定人口发展战略提供了较好的参考依据。