戏拨琵琶窗下听换羽移宫无限声--浅析明初政治与朱有燉杂剧的关系

元明易代,杂剧这种艺术形式由于社会政治、文化等各方面的原因日趋衰微,而南戏兴起.在杂剧不断萎缩的大背景下,明初藩王剧作家朱有餝以其丰富的杂剧作品独树一帜.他的作品类型明显,与他的经历紧密相关.作为藩王,他有闲情逸致,有经济实力来写赏花庆寿剧.同样作为藩王,残酷的宫廷斗争又使他不得不借杂剧作品韬晦表忠.本文将以朱有餝的<神后山秋餳得驺虞>一剧为例分析明初政治环境如何造就了这位藩王的杂剧作品.     

贝内特《老妇谭》碰撞的主题及结构论析

《老妇谭》是贝内特自认为“写得最好的作品”,本文主要分析它所表达的主题:清教主义与享乐主义的碰撞;地方主义与都市主义的碰撞;两代人之间的意识碰撞;时间的流逝及作品独特的结构对主题表达所起的作用,进一步说明《老妇谭》所代表英国现实主义小说所发展的新高度。     

宋代士大夫社会的文学应酬与稼轩词风

1 稼轩词现存六百二十余首。其中,凡序言标明应酬唱和的作品多达三百五十余首,占全部作品的二分之一以上。若与北宋词人相比较,元祐苏门虽以酬唱为盛事,但《东坡乐府》所标明的此类作品仅八十余首,不足全部作品的四分之一;其它词人如黄山谷、秦少游等     

略谈艺术欣赏要领

艺术欣赏是一个作品与观赏者之间的双向互动过程。艺术作品的创作一般都会起到一定的社会作用 ,而人们观赏艺术作品时也会产生一种精神活动。这种精神活动一方面是作品本身塑造的艺术形象 ,把观赏者带到一个特定的具体的艺术境界 ,激发起这样或那样的思想感情的波涛 ;另一方面 ,观赏者又会根据自己的思想感情和生活经验 ,来理解或解释作品中的形象 ,甚至会以自己的经验与认识去丰富和补充作品里的艺术形象的内涵 ,这样就形成了艺术欣赏的普遍性特征与艺术欣赏的个性特征     

发现与表现:打开好消息写作之门的两把钥匙

一个现象:消息被边缘化了从历年中国新闻奖的评定结果看,消息这个新闻家族中的'始祖',在传播手段日益现代化的当下遭遇了尴尬。以2017年中国新闻奖为例,参评文字消息作品66件,有21件作品获奖,获奖比例31.8%;而文字通讯与深度报道类参评作品108件,有29件作品获奖,获奖比例仅26.9%。显然,通讯作品的数量大大超过消息作品的数量。然而评委们普遍认为,消息作品薄弱,让人眼前一亮的优秀之作不多。即便两篇一等奖获奖消息,美中也有缺憾。     

试析毛泽东诗词修改与自注的史料意义

毛泽东诗词在创作过程中,大多有各种形式的修改;在作品发表后,毛泽东又多次以书信、谈话或批注的方式对其诗词进行说明与注解。这些修改与自注作为一种史料,在理解与考察作品的创作情境及其现实引申意义方面具有不可忽视的特殊意义与价值。     

师于自然而赟比自然——小谈郑舒文的陶艺作品

<正>广东省工艺美术大师郑舒文的陶艺作品以竹子为主要符号,并被赏家和藏家较熟悉与喜爱。大师的竹子系列作品,明显地流露出当代艺术性。不受限于传统的程式约束,不拘于对称、规整的造型,也不陷入现代创作的浮躁,在创作中流露概念性、随想性、随型性及追求文化性的艺术创新手法。初看郑舒文大师的作品,感觉是抽象的陶艺;细看,     

《白鹿原》的整合艺术

《白鹿原》是一部时代氛围与作家才情交互融合的作品,充分表达了作家对现实与历史的思考,对自我的创作观念的超越;体现了作家对现实主义方法的熟练操作。同时又融汇了象征主义、魔幻现实主义等现代小说技巧;雅俗共赏的追求既维护了俗文学的尊严,又赋予作品很强的可读性。整合艺术的巧妙运用,催生了《白鹿原》。     

编辑与作者关系的新理念

编辑在编辑作品时是人与物的关系 ,编辑可对作品进行删减、修改和加工。作品是人写出来的 ,代表作者的观点、看法 ,体现作者的价值观。编辑与作品的关系必然涉及人与人的关系。因此 ,编辑既要对作品进行科学加工 ,又要尊重作者的独创精神。     

论《三国志演义》的悲剧与悲情

《三国志演义》是一部史诗性的悲剧作品,书中各色人物的悲情倾泻,既加重了作品的悲剧氛围,又冲刷掉了他们身上的神性光环或鬼域色彩,显露出活生生的"人"的鲜明个性,具有独特的审美价值。书中人物悲情与认识内容此呼彼应,珠联璧合;人物悲情与道德观念表里互衬、水乳交融;人物悲情与悲剧题材相辅相成、相得益彰等诸多方面,达到了相当高的艺术境界,具有典范的理论意义。     

Descartes: The Smear and Related Misconstruals

In part because he is known through his Meditations, a short pamphlet he wrote, rightly in fear, to conciliate (unsuccessfully) with the church, and because his rationalism is misconstrued when interpreted empirically, Descartes is subject to a variety of misunderstandings. It does not help that he is dogged by a canard invented in the late 1600s and revived by the animal rights movement, a canard that was designed to denigrate the then burgeoning mechanistic new science, discovered cruelly cutting up living animals, while laughingly insisting the writhing animals feel no pain. Descartes maintained that, physically speaking, humans as well as animals are machines, but he also clearly maintained that animals feel pain and hunger, have sensory experiences, etc. As a more abstract level, 20^th Century analytic empiricism revivified the attack on rationalist views. But the last half century has seen strong support (though largely unacknowledged) for Descartes’ views about cognition and perception.     

Choice Functions with States of Mind

An agent is rational by dominance then states of mind (DSM) if he makes his decisions by, first, preselecting the alternatives that are not dominated by any other alternative in the choice set, and second, by choosing the preselected alternative corresponding to his state of mind. This state of mind is dependent on the previous choices he made. An agent is rational by states of mind then dominance (SMD) if he makes his decisions by, first, preselecting the alternatives corresponding to his state of mind and second, choosing the alternative that is not dominated. We give axiomatizations for SMD-rational or DSM-rational choice functions.      

试评吕坤的哲学思想

吕坤是明代商丘著名的思想家,一生独立治学,以理学著当世。其哲学思想兼容并蓄,又学有所宗,在中国哲学史上占有重要的地位。在理气关系这一本体论问题上,他在主张“气本论”的同时,又提出“理”本论,存在着深刻的内在矛盾性。他关于自然、当然和偶然、“续”与“恒”、“常”与“变”、“渐”与“顿”关系的论述,蕴含着极其丰富的辩证法思想。受其世界观矛盾的影响,其认识论存在着反映论与先验论的矛盾。他坚持可知论,认为人是可以通过向外格物来正确认识天地万物的客观世界的。但是,当面对外在的客观世界时,他主张向外格物穷理,是一个反映论者,当涉及到道德认知和修养时,主张向内反求,又成了一个先验论者。在知行问题上坚持“知先行后”、“知行并进”和“行重于知”等观点,强调知行的辩证关系,具有浓厚的思辨色彩,充满了辩证法的卓识。在历史观上主张以民为本,十分重视民的作用,并认为社会历史本身是处于不断的发展变化之中的,主张“因时顺势,皆可变通”。     

觉醒与抗争:北洋军阀吴佩孚民族意识述评

吴佩孚作为北洋军阀的直系首领,在激烈动荡的年代,曾纵横捭阖,翻云覆雨;或排斥异己,挑起战端,给中华民族带来巨大的灾难。长期以来,被视作"反动军阀"与"人民公敌",然而,这并非其人生的全部。"五四"时期以"爱国将军"声名鹊起;北伐之后,落魄下野,即使处境艰难,仍以家国为念,面对日伪的威逼利诱,依然洁身自好,自全名节,浓厚的民族意识渗透其一生的方方面面,晚年演绎了一段失败英雄的悲壮传奇。     

Families and donor insemination: the views of semen donors

One of the consequences of donor insemination for the semen donor is that he becomes a member of two families: his own family in which he has a genetic and social connection with his offspring; and the family of the recipient couple, in which he has a genetic connection to the offspring, but usually no social connection with either the offspring or the recipient couple. This article challenges the dominant view that donor insemination as a practice of mainly medical or legal importance by looking at the attitudes of donors to both their own family and the family to which they have contributed their genetic material. Results are presented concerning who donors have told about their donation, who they think should be told, whether they think recipient couples should tell their donor insemination offspring about their conception, and concerning their opinions about factors that are considered in matching donors with recipient fathers.     

Ramsey's Foundations Extended to Desirabilities

In his Truth and Probability (1926), Frank Ramsey provides foundations for measures of degrees of belief in propositions and preferences for worlds. Nonquantitative conditions on preferences for worlds, and gambles for worlds and certain near-worlds, are formulated which he says insure that a subject's preferences for worlds are represented by numbers, world values. Numbers, for his degrees of belief in propositions, probabilities, are then defined in terms of his world values. Ramsey does not also propose definitions of desirabilities for propositions, though he is in a position to do this. Given his measures for probabilities of propositions and values of worlds, he can frame natural definitions for both evidential and causal desirabilities that would measure respectively the welcomeness of propositions as items of news, and as facts. His theory is neutral with respect to the evidential/causal division. In the present paper, as Ramsey's foundations are explained, several problems and limitations are noted. Their distinctive virtue – their evidential/causal neutrality – is demonstrated. Comparisons are made with other foundational schemes, and a perspective is recommended from which nonquantitative foundations are not the be all for quantitative theories of ideal preferences and credences.     

The Right to Remain Silent

The paper points out that in dynamic games a player may be better-off if other players do not know his choice of strategy. That is, a player may benefit by not revealing (or not pre-determining) the choice of his action in an information set he (thereby) hopes will not be reached. He would be better-off by exercising his ``right to remain silent' if he believes –- as the empirical evidence shows –- that players display aversion to ``Knightian uncertainty'. In this case, a player who behaves strategically, may wish to avoid revealing his strategy. This is true under various interpretations of the notion of ``strategy profiles'.     

On the Mandela Spirit and Its Global Significance

This year marks the 100th anniversary of Nelson Mandela’s birth. The reason the global media reacted strongly to the news of Mandela’s death five years ago can be found in his lasting contributions and his immortal spirit. Mandela’s spirit is characterized by the noble ideals of opposing apartheid and achieving democracy, freedom and equality; by his philosophy of reconciliation, marked by magnanimity and forgiveness; by his principled stand for peace and justice in Africa and the world; by his political wisdom in summing up the situation and meeting the challenges of the times, evinced in his quitting office at the peak of his political life; by his thankfulness for help and concern for vulnerable groups; and by his personal charm, as reflected in his magnanimity, sense of humor, sincerity and sense of equality. These six qualities are closely connected and constitute a dialectical unity. South Africa is the birthplace of Mandela and the soil in which the Mandela spirit grew. The fact that South Africa produced a Mandela is closely connected with his historical era and the social environment, as well as the influence of countries around the world and the international support he received. Above all, however, Mandela’s rise was closely tied to his noble ideals and outstanding character. In a word, the internal and external origins of the Mandela spirit complement and illuminate each other. The Mandela spirit is rooted in South Africa, yet it belongs to the whole world and the whole human race. Its radiant reason, dynamism and strong personal influence will continue to illuminate our world with an eternal charisma. The world of today needs the Mandela spirit more than ever.     

Vygotsky,Wittgenstein, and sociocultural theory

This paper considers the use made of Vygotsky's work by many who take a sociocultural perspective and, in particular, by those who use his work to advance a particular view of second language acquisition and the ‘silent period’. It is argued that Vygotsky's account as represented in Thought and Language (Vygotsky, 1986 ) needs to be thought of as consisting of two distinct aspects: first, the observations he made (or claimed to have made) and, second, the theoretical account he proposed to explain them. It is shown that some of Vygotsky's observations are problematic but that, even if they are accepted, Vygotsky's theoretical account suffers from fundamental difficulties. Thus the support claimed from Vygotsky in accounts of second language acquisition is misplaced, first because of those difficulties and, second, because many who claim support from Vygotsky, do not need or even use his theory but instead focus their attention on his empirical observations and assume incorrectly that if their own empirical observations match Vygotsky's, then Vygotsky's theory can be accepted. Wittgenstein's later philosophy is shown to provide a perspective which dispels confusions about, and gives us a clearer insight into, the issues.