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1.
Labor supply responses and welfare effects from replacing current tax rules by a flat tax: Empirical evidence from Italy, Norway and Sweden 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This paper employs a microeconometric framework to examine the labor supply responses and the welfare effects from replacing
current tax systems in Italy, Norway and Sweden by a flat tax on total income. The flat tax rates are determined so that the
tax revenues are equal to the revenues as of 1992. The flat tax rates vary from 23 per cent in Italy, 25 per cent in Norway,
to 29 per cent in Sweden. In all three countries the labor supply responses decline sharply with pre-reform disposable income.
The results show that the efficiency costs of the current tax systems relative to a flat tax may be rather high in Norway
and much lower, but positive, in Italy and Sweden. In all three countries “rich” households – defined by their pre-tax-reform
income – tend to benefit (in terms of welfare) more than “poor” households. In Italy and Sweden a majority will lose from
a shift to a flat tax, while in Norway a majority is predicted to win.
Received: 19 May 1998/Accepted: 02 July 1999 相似文献
2.
Labor Migration has long been viewed as a strategy adopted by the household unit to allocate family resources rationally to
increase the flows of income and to raise family standard of living. The research reported here examines the extent to which
remittances sent by Filipino overseas workers increase the income and standard of living of households in the Philippines.
Data for the analysis were obtained from a representative sample of 2,388 households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor
sending” areas in the Philippines. The analysis compares households with and without overseas workers to estimate the contribution
of remittances to household income and to household standard of living (measured once by an ‘objective’ indicator and once
by a ‘subjective’ assessment). The data reveal that due to remittances the income of households with overseas labor migrants
is considerably higher than the income of households without overseas workers. The data also reveal that remittances are used
mostly for consumption purposes (e.g. purchase of food, clothing, education, and goods) and that most of the difference in
standard of living (whether measured on the ‘objective’ or the ‘subjective’ scale) between households with and without overseas
workers are attributed to remittances. The implications of labor migration and the policy that encourages and supports labor
migration for the Filipino society are evaluated and discussed.
相似文献
Anastasia GorodzeiskyEmail: |
3.
Demographic studies that search for signs of fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa rarely examine the complex gamut of
individual aspirations and misgivings, hopes and frustrations, failures and triumphs that accompany the emerging declines
of fertility rates in the subcontinent. This study draws upon qualitative data collected in peri-urban areas of Maputo, Mozambique’s
capital and largest metropolis, to explore contradictory meanings and feelings surrounding changes in fertility intentions
and contraceptive choices. It argues that although changes in these two aspects of reproductive life are interrelated, they
are predicated on distinct types and configurations of external pressures and psychological apparatus, which is often manifested
as a puzzling disjunction between fertility preferences and contraceptive use. This disjunction can be further reinforced
by persistent gender divisions in reproductive views and strategies. Informal social interaction plays an important role in
building societal consensus over fertility matters, but because such interaction deals with reproductive intentions and contraceptive
use through largely different mechanisms, it may also help accentuate the intentions-contraception disjunction. This study’s
findings therefore call upon both researchers and policymakers to attend more closely to the multidimensionality of fertility
transitions in sub-Saharan societies and specifically to the complexities underlying such popular notions as “unmet need for
family planning,” “spacing” versus “limiting” births, or “spousal communication” on reproductive matters. 相似文献
4.
Gender discrimination and efficiency in marriage: the bargaining family under scrutiny 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Helmut Rainer 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(2):305-329
We consider a repeated family bargaining model that links the topics of employment and households. A key aspect of the model
is that marital bargaining power is determined endogenously. We show that: (1) the efficiency of household decisions is sometimes
inversely related to the prevailing degree of gender discrimination in labor markets; (2) women who are discriminated against
have difficulty enforcing cooperative household outcomes because they may be extremely limited to credibly punish opportunistic
behavior by their male partners; (3) the likelihood that sharing rules such as “equal sharing” are maintained throughout a
marriage relationship is highest when men and women face equal opportunities in labor markets.
Responsible editor: Deborah Cobb-Clark 相似文献
5.
Estimating a Dynamic Model of Sex Selection in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ebenstein A 《Demography》2011,48(2):783-811
High ratios of males to females in China, which have historically concerned researchers (Sen 1990), have increased in the wake of China’s one-child policy, which began in 1979. Chinese policymakers are currently attempting
to correct the imbalance in the sex ratio through initiatives that provide financial compensation to parents with daughters.
Other scholars have advocated a relaxation of the one-child policy to allow more parents to have a son without engaging in
sex selection. In this article, I present a model of fertility choice when parents have access to a sex-selection technology
and face a mandated fertility limit. By exploiting variation in fines levied in China for unsanctioned births, I estimate
the relative price of a son and daughter for mothers observed in China’s census data (1982–2000). I find that a couple’s first
son is worth 1.42 years of income more than a first daughter, and the premium is highest among less-educated mothers and families
engaged in agriculture. Simulations indicate that a subsidy of 1 year of income to families without a son would reduce the
number of “missing girls” by 67% but impose an annual cost of 1.8% of Chinese gross domestic product (GDP). Alternatively,
a three-child policy would reduce the number of “missing girls” by 56% but increase the fertility rate by 35%. 相似文献
6.
Social Stratification and Consumption Patterns in Turkey 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Kemal Aydin 《Social indicators research》2006,75(3):463-501
In this article, by analyzing consumption practices of Turkish households, I attempted to identify whether there are distinctions
between different social classes in Turkey. Stated another way, I assessed and explored the impact of socio-economic forces
on consumption patterns, taste and lifestyle. In doing so, I tested emprically, two theoretical approaches, Bourdieu’s “reproduction
theory” and Giddens “class Structuration thesis”. A total of eight dependent variables are analyzed in terms of the linkages
between those selected consumption items and social structure. In general, the emprical findings indicated that the intersection
and reinforcement of social class variables, such as income, education, occupation, sector, and neighborhood differentiation,
determined consumption patterns and lifestyle differences in Turkey. 相似文献
7.
Dr. J. Mayone Stycos 《Population and environment》1995,16(3):205-219
Population projections depend on censuses, vital statistics and sample surveys, all of which have deficiencies that are most
marked in the less developed countries (LDCs). Long-range projections by international agencies have recently undergone major
revisions, while forecasts of the U.S. population have changed drastically over the past four years. The United Nations typically
prepares “high,” “medium” and “low” projections. Even the high projection contains optimistic assumptions about fertility
decline, while assumptions of constant or increasing fertility receive no serious attention. The paper suggests that high
and constant fertility projections should receive more attention from policy makers, with medium estimates treated more as
targets achievable only through considerable programmatic effort. At the same time, economic and social plans should be laid
for dealing with the population sizes implied by the “high” variants. 相似文献
8.
The effects of motherhood timing on career path 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Amalia R. Miller 《Journal of population economics》2011,24(3):1071-1100
This paper estimates the effects of motherhood timing on female career path, using biological fertility shocks to instrument
for age at first birth. Motherhood delay leads to a substantial increase in earnings of 9% per year of delay, an increase
in wages of 3%, and an increase in work hours of 6%. Supporting a human capital story, the advantage is largest for college-educated
women and those in professional and managerial occupations. Panel estimation reveals both fixed wage penalties and lower returns
to experience for mothers, suggesting that a “mommy track” is the source of the timing effect. 相似文献
9.
Sharon Jackson 《Journal of Population Research》1995,12(1):25-34
This paper applies a simple economic model to explain short run movements in Australian fertility, abstracting from social
and cultural conditions. It shows that Australian fertility can be modelled with some success using only wages and employment
data, once we allow for the different effects of changes in men’s and women’s wages for the period 1966–90. The elasticity
of the total fertility rate over this period is found to be negative with respect to women’s wages and positive with respect
to men’s wages. As well as having the expected sign, the estimated elasticities are similar in magnitude to those for the
United States over the period 1948–75. 相似文献
10.
The purpose of this research was to explore the relationships among housing satisfaction, community attachment and community
satisfaction and the complex mechanisms involved in predicting community satisfaction among residents in rural communities.
The role of housing satisfaction and community attachment in predicting community satisfaction was of particular interest.
A structural equation model of community satisfaction was tested with mail survey data drawn from a randomly selected rural
sample of 974 households. The results of this study confirmed the influences and mediating role of community attachment and
housing satisfaction in predicting community satisfaction. “Spillover” effects from “lower levels of life concerns” (e.g.,
satisfaction with local services, assessment of current housing conditions) in perceived community satisfaction were found
that support previous research (Sirgy and Cornwell in Social Indicators Research 59:79–114, 2002). 相似文献
11.
We examine pollution in a developing country where fertility is endogenous and wealth increases welfare through status. When
the country has defective environmental laws, it has a comparative advantage in capital-intensive “dirty” goods. Gains from
trade due to trade liberalization then increase income and boost population growth. With strong incentives to save, they also
stimulate investment, which hampers population growth. Because population growth crowds out labor supply, production of capital-intensive
dirty goods first increases and then decreases. This yields a typical environmental Kuznets path: pollution increases at the
earlier stages but decreases at the later stages of development. 相似文献
12.
Rebecca Smith 《Social indicators research》2008,88(1):197-213
Contingent, non-standard or “casual” work is present in large numbers in virtually every sector of the United States economy.
Staffing strategies that use subcontracted or contingent work – strategies that once characterized only some low-wage workers
such as garment and agriculture – have now spread to virtually every area of industry, including high tech and finance. United
States law is a patchwork of provisions in separate federal statutes – and sometimes in each of the 50 states – governing
whether a particular individual is an “employee.” Day laborers in the United States have particular challenging enforcing
their limited rights. To address the issues of vulnerable low-wage workers being locked out of labor protections, activists
have developed a number of strategies, including litigation and legislative campaigns. These strategies have more recently
been broadened to facilitate developing leadership in a new social movement. In this article I draw a portrait of the day
labor workforce from city- and state-based surveys of day laborers themselves. I then discuss strategies employed by day laborers
to advance their workplace rights.
相似文献
Rebecca SmithEmail: |
13.
Olivier Bargain 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(2):339-371
We simulate a hypothetical family tax credit on a sample of French couples, using jointly a collective model of labor supply
and a tax-benefit calculator. Work behaviors represent here a general concept of “effort,” and hence, individual productivities
cannot be assimilated with wage rates. They are retrieved by inversion of the optimal household program under simple assumptions
on household preferences and bargaining rules. The calibrated model is used to predict incentive effects of the reform and
distributive impacts on individuals and households. The desirability of the reform depends on which of these two welfare units
is used for normative evaluation.
相似文献
14.
Young people of working age tend to be particularly prone to labor market inefficiencies that keep their wages excessively
high and their employment excessively low. These inefficiencies are usually magnified through unemployment benefit systems.
This paper examines how these problems can be tackled through “employment vouchers,” i.e. hiring subsidies or tax breaks for
the unemployed. It examines how vouchers to the young unemployed should differ from those to the adult unemployed. The employment
vouchers considered here reduce unemployment and impose no cost on the government, since they are financed by the induced
fall in government expenditures on unemployment benefits. Among other things, we find that young workers should receive lower
vouchers as displacement of the old rises and as deadweight from providing vouchers to the old increases. 相似文献
15.
In this study we use data from rural India to examine the impact of the birth of a boy relative to the birth of a girl (i.e.,
the “gender shock”) on the savings, consumption and income of rural Indian households. We find that the gender shock reduces
savings for medium and large farm households, although there is no evidence that the shock affects savings for the landless
and the small farm households. We also estimate the effect of the shock on income and consumption for the former group in
order to determine the source of the drop in savings. The results indicate that the fall in savings subsequent to the gender
shock arises from its effect on consumption in the year following the birth, and from its effect on income in other years.
Received: 3 September 1996 /Accepted: 15 July 1997 相似文献
16.
State is often involved in the challenging process of judicious allocation and apportioning of resources for an inclusive
growth through creating infrastructure and ensuring accessibility- the “ability of the people to reach and engage in opportunities
and activities”. The issue at the heart of the debate concerns with the “opportunities” available in a geographic area and
the inhabitants’ use of those opportunities in terms of their “behaviour”. The extant literature suggests that the dominant
component of the accessibility is mobility infrastructure. The present paper argues that the impact of the human development
and the information infrastructure should also be considered. This paper uses the Indian census data of 2001 and develops
the methodology for creating an accessibility index for a geographic unit. The paper also discusses the use of the accessibility
index (AI) as a tool for evaluating the efficacy of a public policy initiative towards decreasing the exclusion of geographic
units. Validation of the tool is done using the patient inflow data at a large charitable hospital in Central India and household
level employment data from National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS). 相似文献
17.
Li Liu 《Social indicators research》2006,75(2):217-240
This study explores the meaning of quality of life (QOL) in China from the perspective of social representations. The data
were collected by open-ended individual interviews with 16 ordinary Chinese people. The study shows that social thinking about
QOL in Chinese society is activated in five critical domains of life: health, family, work, social relations and the natural
environment. Meanwhile, “having” and “being”, the two antinomic, yet dialogical interdependent, interpretive repertoires,
have an overarching generative and normative power over the discourse about QOL. They permeate and underpin the different
domains of life. Dominated by an “economic logic”, the “having” repertoire constructs these life domains through a set of
economic consequences and posits them as resources leading to material possessions. While dominated by an “existential logic”,
the “being” repertoire confesses existential meanings to the same life domains, and emphasises the joy derived from them.
Thereby, it infers that QOL as a social representation is generated from, and organised around, a central thema of “having”
and “being”. 相似文献
18.
Over the past decades, due to a combination of declining fertility rates and rising life expectancies, most industrialized
countries have experienced aging populations and low numbers of young populations that may pose economic problems in the future.
This paper investigates the relationship first between fertility rate and infant mortality rate and second among demographic
changes, real wages and real output in Greece over the period 1960–96. When we control for fluctuations in overall economic
activity and the labor market on the bivariate relationship between fertility and mortality rates, the evidence suggests that
Granger-causation must exist in at least one direction. The results show that in the long run a decrease in infant mortality
rates, taking into consideration economic performance and the labor market, causes a reduction in fertility rates. Also, employing
the vector error-correction models, the variance decomposition analysis and the impulse response functions, the empirical
results support the endogeneity of fertility choice to infant mortality, the labor market and the growth process.
Received: 16 May 1999/Accepted: 18 September 2000 相似文献
19.
Child poverty has been widely discussed in Germany since the publication of the third official Poverty and Wealth Report of
the German government in 2008 which—inter alia—focused on the situation of children and families. However, child poverty is
not only caused by low household incomes and impacts of child poverty are not only restricted to financial consequences. The
capability approach takes into account this multidimensionality of well-being and poverty of children. It conceptualizes human
well-being as not only depending on financial means but also gives the same importance to the personal and social conversion
factors which determine how far financial means can be converted into personal well-being. Before 2008 the capability approach
had only been applied to the well-being of adults in Germany, but not specifically to the well-being of children. However,
there are several reasons why a capability analysis for children will differ from a capability analysis for adults. Adults’
capability sets comprise dimensions that are less relevant for small children while other valuable capabilities have to be
added. Furthermore the capability set depends to a large extent on the age of the child. The paper focuses on a multidimensional
poverty analysis in the capability perspective of 5–6 years old children. In the domains of “Education/Leisure”, “Health”,
“Social Participation” and “Income” child poverty is measured by predefined indicators. The relationship to the social and
personal conversion factors of the caretakers is then evaluated. Additionally, a multidimensional poverty measure is analyzed. 相似文献
20.
Changes in women's relative wages and employment are analyzed, using social security data from Slovenia (1987–1992) and a
retrospective labor force survey in Estonia (1989–1994). Estonia adopted liberal labor market policies. Slovenia took an interventionist
approach. Nevertheless, relative wages for women rose in both countries. Factors favoring women included: returns to human
capital rose in transition, benefiting women; relative labor demand shifted toward predominantly female sectors; low-wage
women had a disproportionate incentive to exit the labor market, especially in Estonia. However, women were less mobile across
jobs in both countries, so men disproportionately filled new jobs in expanding sectors.
Received: 27 November 1997/Accepted: 20 December 1998 相似文献