AUTOCORRELATED CASH FLOWS AND THE SELECTION OF A PORTFOLIO OF CAPITAL ASSETS *

Capital budgeting models for analyzing real assets typically are based on a set of restrictive assumptions that influence financial managers' decisions and may prevent optimization of the firm's objectives. This research examines the common restrictive assumption that cash flows are intertemporally independent by first developing an economic state and simulation model based on a Markov process for including autocorrelated cash flows in the capital budgeting decision process and then demonstrating why managers should include autocorrelated cash flows in capital budgeting models by empirically testing the impact of assuming intertemporally independent cash flows on capital budgeting decisions. The results indicate that ignoring autocorrelated cash flows seriously limits the ability of capital budgeting models to provide optimal investment decisions. The model also is very attractive for practical application because it can be implemented with a minimum number of estimates and provides the set of input data required by a number of capital budgeting models. A discussion of the implementation of the model is included.     

考虑隐性股权的应收账款融资模式下供应链金融博弈分析

本文研究了隐性股权下供应链金融系统中出现资金缺口的供应商通过应收账款融资的最优策略。将资本资产定价方法(CAPM)与净现值法(NPV)相结合,考虑三者之间的隐性股权,提出了一个由供应商、制造商、银行组成的供应链金融系统,针对是否考虑隐性股权对系统三方的最大收益进行博弈分析,发现在不完全信息博弈达到均衡时,考虑隐性股权的供应商更易以相对较低的融资成本从银行获得信贷。     

生产还是消费——中国股市生产资本资产定价模型实证检验

生产资本资产定价模型从企业利润最大化角度出发,推出资产的均衡价格.相较于消费资本资产定价模型,生产资本资产定价模型能更好的满足信息完全和决策者理性的假设条件.本文从生产资本资产定价模型出发,利用现值模型将生产的系统性风险因子,即生产的贝塔因子分解为现金流贝塔和折现率贝塔,并采用社会总投资和股市数据进行实证检验.本文发现生产-现金流贝塔是中国股市的重要定价因子,可较好地解释股权溢价的截面差异.相比之下,消费资本资产定价模型对不同资产之间风险溢价的解释能力较弱.     

“马钢”可分离转债定价实证分析

以国内首支认股权和债券分离交易的可转换公司债券——马钢可分离转债为样本,从实证角度对其进行了定价分析。考虑了这次可分离转债的特点,采用历史波动率、GARCH(1,1)模型波动率和隐含波动率3种不同估计方法来计算波动率,利用修正的B-S权证定价模型进行转债权证部分定价,并和市场真实价格进行比较,详细分析比较3种波动率的定价效果。在运用修正的B-S权证定价模型时,考虑了公司总股本价值因可分离债券发行的增加,同时采用公司股权波动率进行计算,检验了修正B-S权证定价模型对马钢认股权证定价的有效性,实证证明采用隐含波动率或GARCH模型具有较好的定价效果。     

The impact of tax uncertainty on irreversible investment

Traditional models of capital budgeting with taxes are based on deterministic tax rates and tax bases. In reality, however, there are multiple sources of tax uncertainty. Frequent tax reforms make future taxation of investments a stochastic process. Fiscal authorities and tax courts create additional tax uncertainty by interpreting current tax laws differently. Moreover, simplified models that anticipate the actual tax base incorrectly contribute to tax uncertainty as perceived by investors. I analyze the effects of stochastic taxation on investment behavior in a real options model. The investor holds an option to invest in an irreversible project with stochastic cash flows and stochastic tax payments. Pre-tax cash flows and tax payments are assumed to be correlated. Increased tax uncertainty has an ambiguous impact on investment timing. For low tax uncertainty, high cash flow uncertainty and high correlation of cash flows and tax payments, increased tax uncertainty is likely to accelerate investment. A higher expected tax payment delays investment. A higher after-tax discount rate affects investment timing ambiguously.     

抵押贷款证券的效用无差别定价

当前抵押贷款证券化产品定价方法主要是现金流贴现取平均的方式,其本质是一种风险中性定价,忽视了不同投资者的风险态度在资产定价中的决定作用。本文运用Hodges and Neuberger(1989)提出的效用无差别定价原理,提出抵押贷款证券化衍生产品定价的一种新的方法。假设投资者具有对数消费效用,本文得到了易于实现的抵押贷款证券化产品定价计算公式,给出了Monte Carlo数值计算方法和应用举例,并进行了比较静态分析。     

Risk evaluation of investment projects

A survey is given of techniques for evaluation of risk in individual capital investment projects. The paper identifies the four types of relationships affecting project uncertainty: (1) Accounting-type relationships defining cash flow; (2) Statistical relationships among variables in a given time period; (3) Autocorrelation relationships among cash flows over time; and (4) Uncertainty about project life. Two types of decisions also can affect project profitability and uncertainty: (1) Strategy decisions; and (2) Abandonment decisions. Four types of models for risk evaluation are identified: (1) Certainty model; (2) Hillier model; (3) Monte Carlo model; and (4) Decision Tree model. These four types of models are compared and evaluated in terms of how easily they can incorporate the relationships and decisions mentioned above. Computational issues are also discussed. Suggestions are made for further research.     

Risk control in maritime shipping investments

In this paper we extend the state-of-the-art stochastic programming models for the Maritime Fleet Renewal Problem (MFRP) to explicitly limit the risk of insolvency due to negative cash flows when making maritime shipping investments. This is achieved by modeling the payment of ships in a number of periodical installments rather than in a lump sum paid upfront, representing more closely the actual cash flows for a shipping company. Based on this, we propose two alternative risk control measures, where the first imposes that the cash flow in each time period is always higher than a desired threshold, while the second limits the Conditional Value-at-Risk. We test the two models on realistic test instances based on data from a shipping company. The computational study demonstrates how the two models can be used to assess the trade-offs between risk of insolvency and expected profits in the MFRP.     

Applied Capital Budgeting with Cash Flow Dependencies*

This article provides decision makers with a method of determining the variability and acceptability of a major capital investment. The model used here differs from previous models in that it does not use simulation, nor does it require a normal distribution for the cash flow component. Further, it has no restrictions on whether cash flows are dependent. An example of the technique is included.     

存在方差持续性的资本资产定价模型分析

自回归条件异方差(ARCH) 类模型突破了传统计量经济分析的同方差假定,对现代资本 资产定价理论产生了深远的影响. 随着对时变方差研究的深入,方差持续性也日益受到人们的 重视. 文章首先介绍了条件均值、条件方差以及在自回归条件异方差的基础上介绍了方差持续 性的有关概念和性质,并将之用于资本资产定价模型的研究,讨论了条件方差持续性对资本资 产定价模型的影响,并且进一步讨论了在多资产条件下向量GARCH 模型持续性对组合投资 的影响.     

Correction Constants for Present Values of Seasonal Cash Flows

In a recent Decision Sciences article, McMath (1990) developed the correction constants approach for eliminating the end-of-year bias in the present value of streams with subannual cash flows. A limitation of this approach is that it assumes subannual cash flows are level. In many types of businesses, subannual cash flows follow a predictable seasonal pattern and, consequently, a present value estimate based upon a level correction constant is biased. This article derives a general formula for determining correction constants for seasonal cash flow patterns, examines the direction and magnitude of the seasonal bias, and applies seasonal correction constants to a capital budgeting problem.     

STOCHASTIC COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS WITH A LINEAR DEMAND FUNCTION

In this paper we incorporate a linear demand function to model the price-volume causal relationship into stochastic cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis. We assume that the objective function is to maximize expected profit; other objective functions are also discussed and compared. A linear stochastic model follows from which probabilistic statements can be easily obtained if the random variables are assumed to be multivariate normal. The basic framework is shown to be a special case of project value maximization where project value is the cash flow of the project discounted for time and risk according to the capital asset pricing model. Moreover, an intertemporal extension that considers inventory is developed. In summary, a new approach to stochastic CVP analysis that incorporates the management decision process in an uncertain environment is developed.     

GAS-SKST-F模型及其在高频多元波动率预测中的应用

假定日收益率服从多元有偏学生t分布、已实现协方差矩阵服从矩阵F分布，本文构建了一种新的得分驱动模型：GAS-SKST-F模型。在该有偏厚尾多元波动率模型中，我们基于广义自回归得分(GAS)模型的基本思想对收益率和已实现协方差矩阵进行联合动态设定，协方差矩阵的更新过程依赖于收益率分布和已实现协方差矩阵分布联合似然函数的得分函数。已实现协方差测度在协方差矩阵的更新过程中发挥了重要的作用。基于20支上证50成分股高频数据的实证分析研究结果显示，与GAS-N-Wishart模型和GAS-tF模型相比，无论样本内还是样本外，GAS-SKST-F模型有着更加良好的样本内估计和样本外预测能力。     

A Microeconomic Model of the Focused Factory-Vertical Integration Strategic Decision Problem

The design of a manufacturing strategy incorporates the decision of whether to focus or vertically integrate, or adopt a policy somewhere between the two extremes. Unfortunately, the literature contains few models that aid a manager in this decision process. In this paper we design a model to evaluate and compare various strategic alternatives along the focused factory-vertical integration continuum. By defining a point along this continuum as the percent of components manufactured internally that are needed to make one finished item (where 0 indicates complete focus and one manufacturing step, and 1 indicates full integration and 100 percent internal manufacturing) we are able to delineate the effects of the alternative decision strategies on flexibility and the firm's cash flow. The capital asset pricing model is invoked to assess the impact on the firm's risk and value.     

基于LSTHAR模型的投资者关注对股市波动影响研究

有限关注理论认为投资者关注有限，无法掌握市场上所有信息，这会使股票出现暂时的错误定价，引起市场波动，因此投资者关注可能包含预测波动的有益信息。鉴于百度指数能较好代理中国投资者的主动性关注，本文提出将其作为逻辑平滑转移结构的转移变量，引入已实现波动的异质自回归类模型，以刻画投资者关注的变化对未来市场波动的非线性影响。基于华夏上证50ETF高频价格数据的实证表明：新模型相比于异质自回归类基础模型，有显著更优的拟合效果和显著更强的预测性能，即投资者关注的非线性引入对波动率预测有显著贡献。本文还发现，相比于引入移动端百度指数和总体百度指数，引入电脑端百度指数对模型预测性能的改进明显更大，表明电脑端百度指数代表的投资者关注对市场波动有更大的影响。研究结论对投资者风险管理和投资决策有实际指导意义。     

When labor representatives join supervisory boards: empirical evidence of the relationship between the change to parity codetermination and working capital and operating cash flows

We examine how the change to 50% labor representation on German supervisory boards is related to working capital and operating cash flows, since both are proxies for short-term financial policies. We expect the change to be associated with reduced working capital and increased operating cash flows. Using a difference-in-differences model, we compare a sample of listed and non-listed firms that changed to parity codetermination between 1987 and 2014 with two different groups of control firms that did not change their level of codetermination. In line with our hypotheses, the results suggest that a change to parity codetermination is related to lower working capital and higher operating cash flows compared to our control firms. We conclude that firms begin to engage in more efficient working capital management due to the change to parity codetermination on supervisory boards. We also conclude that the positive short-term effects on the firms’ operating performance imply that labor representatives do not bear just the interests of employees in mind, but also those of other stakeholders.     

Deferred life annuities: on the combined effects of stochastic mortality and interest rates

The paper analyzes the systematic risk which is inherent in a portfolio of deferred life annuities. We take into account stochastic mortality as well as stochastic interest rates. For the specification of the mortality rate dynamics, we consider a pure diffusion model as well as a compound Poisson jump model. The interest rate dynamics are given by a one-factor Hull–White model. All models, interest rate and mortality rate, are calibrated to financial market as well as demographic data. We use Monte Carlo simulations to approximate the variance of the discounted cash flow and its decomposition into a pooling and a non-pooling risk part. We also consider pricing effects using the principle of zero expected utility and the quantile principle. The estimated risk premiums are benchmarked to the equivalence premium. Finally, we focus on solvency requirements which are based on the investment decisions and the associated shortfall probability of the annuity provider.     

But Will it Raise My Share Price? New Thoughts About an Old Question

In valuing any investment project or acquisition, executives must decide what discount rate to use to estimate the value of the projected cash flows. This paper argues that the traditional approach, which bases its estimate of the company’s cost of capital on the Capital Asset Pricing Model, places the company at risk. Specifically, ‘beta’ is unreliable and captures only a portion of the risk that managers and shareholders agree are important. The authors then offer an alternative measure—reflecting a company’s total risk—that they say provides a reliable estimate and is consistent with the evolving theory of strategic management.     

The sophistication of capital budgeting in Malaysian companies

The sophistication of capital budgeting in 70 Malaysian companies is assessed in terms of a three-stage model of the capital budgeting process with reference to the following: the percentage of capital investments for which the techniques are used, explicit assessment of risk, the method of determining the cost of capital, the method of measuring cash flows, the formal profit contribution analysis, the extent of use of management science/operations research in capital budgeting, information systems support and the planning and control of capital expenditures. The assessment reveals a general tendency in the direction of increasing sophistication in the various phases of capital budgeting in Malaysian companies.     

考虑成分股联跳与宏观信息发布的沪深300指数已实现波动率模型研究

利用日内高频数据计算的已实现波动率较好度量了金融资产的风险,因此对其预测模型的研究具有重要意义。考虑到指数成分股的联跳可能蕴含指数跳跃所未能反映的信息,提出运用非参数方法识别指数成分股的联跳,采用自回归条件风险模型估计成分股联跳强度,并将其引入指数的已实现波动率异质自回归（HAR-RV-CJ）模型中,分析模型预测性能的改进。进一步的,考虑到宏观信息公告的发布可能对股市产生整体性影响,相应影响成分股联跳的几率;因此,在成分股联跳的自回归条件风险模型中引入居民消费价格指数、国内生产总值、贸易差额等宏观信息公告变量,并分析对联跳强度估计以及指数已实现波动率预测的影响。采用2011年1月4日至2013年7月11日沪深300指数及其成分股高频数据的实证表明,指数成分股联跳与指数跳跃具有不同的特征;用成分股联跳强度代替HAR-RV-CJ模型中的跳跃构建的HAR-RV-CI模型,较原始的HAR-RV-CJ模型,以及同时考虑指数跳跃与成分股联跳强度的HAR-RV-CJI模型,具有明显较优的样本内拟合与样本外预测性能。引入宏观信息公告变量可以改进联跳强度自回归条件风险模型的拟合效果,并提高指数已实现波动率模型的样本内拟合能力,但对于指数已实现波动率的样本外预测性能并无明显的帮助。