Decentralized planning with an interdependent marketing-production system

An interdependent marketing-production planning model based on control theory is described. The interdependent model is a composition of the Vidale-Wolfe model relating advertising rates to sales rates, and the Holt, Modigliani, Muth & Simon (HMMS) production inventory planning model. An overall optimal marketing-production plan is identified using the interdependent model. This overall optimal plan (resulting from centralized planning) is then used as a reference point to measure the effectiveness of decentralized planning approaches. It is found that in some cases almost no coordination is necessary, in some cases the use of a transfer price leads to good decentralized planning, and in other cases centralized planning must be employed to achieve good results. Several examples are presented to illustrate the cases in which decentralized planning does and does not work well.     

具有风险规避销售商的供应链最优回购契约

在销售商风险规避下,运用CVaR方法研究了供应商在直营渠道（集中式供应链）和非直营渠道（分散式供应链）下回购契约的设计问题。刻画了集中式供应链下回购契约完成渠道协调的充要条件,求解了分散式供应链的最优回购契约。比较分析了集中式和分散式供应链下回购契约的差异,得到以下结论：相对于集中式供应链,供应商在分散式供应链中趋向于设定更高的批发价格,或更低的回购价格。讨论了销售商的风险规避度对契约设计和供应商收益的影响,研究表明：销售商越规避风险,供应商的收益越低。最后提供一个案例讨论了模型在现实中的应用。     

基于碳标签制度的两级供应链协调机制研究

以市场需求随机的视角建立Stackelberg博弈模型,研究基于碳标签制度的供应商和零售商组成的两级供应链协调策略。模型引入产品碳足迹e₁作为决策变量,分别研究了在收益共享与成本共担契约下集中决策和分散决策中决策变量最优解及最优利润的变化情况。研究结果表明,在考虑碳排因素时集中决策相比于分散决策具有明显的优势;在参数满足一定条件下零售商通过与供应商共担碳减排成本,可以实现利润的增长,初步验证模型的契约设计的有效性。     

On the evaluation of commonality strategy in product line design: The effect of valuation change and distribution channel structure

This paper investigates a manufacturer's optimal decisions in relation to the adoption of the commonality strategy in a decentralized channel as opposed to a centralized channel. Our model, through valuation premium and discount, captures the possible changes in the perceived quality made by customers as a result of the use of common design in the high-quality and low-quality products. We show that commonality always help reduce the extent of quality distortion encountered by the low-valuation segment, regardless of the channel structure. We also show that the adoption of commonality strategy in a decentralized channel is able to reduce channel efficiency loss, which may lead to improvements in the channel profits even when there is no cost saving associated with the use of common components. The valuation premium and discount are influential on several important measure including optimal quality levels, channel profits, and consumer surplus. Furthermore, we point out an important issue on the coordination between the manufacturer and the retailer that must be addressed if the commonality strategy is to be implemented in a decentralized channel.     

供需同时不确定关系型供应链契约设计与决策

在同时面临随机产出（random yield）和随机需求的供应链中,引入基于现实应用设计的具有声誉效用机制和信任机制的承诺契约,同时考虑紧急采购,建立多重不确定关系型供应链决策模型。分析该类型集中式供应链（CSC：centralized supply chain）和以Stackelberg博弈为基础的分散式供应链（DSC：decentralized supply chain）的最优供应、采购策略存在性及其条件,应用逆向推导法探讨供需双方的博弈过程;通过绝对和相对指标分析供应链及其成员的绩效;结合理论推导和数值试验对承诺契约参数、供应链及其成员最优策略和期望收益做关于供需不确定性、紧急采购价格的敏感性分析。     

考虑延时效应的供应链动态合作广告策略研究

广告的延时效应是供应链广告过程中的普遍现象,对供应链合作广告策略的制定具有重要影响.文章研究当产品品牌信誉受广告延时效应影响时供应链的合作广告策略问题,建立了含有时间延迟的品牌信誉动态模型和考虑品牌信誉的产品销售量模型.运用极大值原理,得到了制造商和零售商在分散式决策和集中式决策下的最优广告投入、品牌信誉和利润,以及分散式决策下制造商的最优合作广告参与率.研究发现:在集中式决策下制造商和零售商的最优广告投入和产品销售量均高于分散式决策下的相应值;延迟时间存在一个阈值,当延迟时间低于该阈值时,集中式决策下的供应链利润较高,反之则分散式决策下的供应链利润较高.研究结果为供应链合作广告策略的制定及供应链决策机制的选择提供了一定的参考.最后,通过数值算例分析了广告延迟时间对供应链最优广告策略及决策机制的影响.     

A coordination mechanism with fair cost allocation for divergent multi-echelon inventory systems

In this paper we study the coordination of inventory control in divergent multi-echelon inventory systems under periodic review and decentralized control. Under decentralized control the installations decide upon replenishment policies that minimize their individual inventory costs. In general these policies do not coincide with the optimal policies of the system under centralized control. Hence, the total cost under decentralized control is larger than under centralized control. We present a simple coordination mechanism that removes this cost inefficiency. The upstream installations increases its base stock level while the downstream installations compensate their supplier for increased costs and provide it with additional side payments. We show that this mechanism coordinates the system; the global optimal policy of the system is the unique Nash equilibrium of the corresponding strategic game. Furthermore, the mechanism results in a fair allocation of the costs; all installations enjoy cost savings.     

消费者“搭便车”行为影响下的双渠道供应链定价和促销策略研究

在制造商主导的二层双渠道供应链背景下,考察由于实体店促销努力而新进入市场消费者的“搭便车”行为,刻画供应链定价和促销策略发生的变化,并设计一个制造商分担实体店促销努力成本的协调机制来改善供应链运作效率。研究发现：（1）促销成本分担机制的介入将同时提高实体店零售价格和网店直销价格,但无论是否存在促销成本分担机制,网店直销价格均显著低于实体店零售价格;（2）新进入市场消费者的“搭便车”行为将会显著降低实体店促销努力水平和供应链整体利润水平;（3）促销成本分担机制可以实现制造商和实体店双方利润水平的Pareto改进。最后用数值仿真验证了促销成本分担机制作为供应链协调机制的可行性。     

委托授权下企业横向兼并效应与激励机制研究

针对异质产品Cournot寡头竞争市场,研究两种不同委托授权下企业的横向兼并效应与内部激励机制调整问题.首先证明了无论企业采用何种类型委托授权模式都具有较大的横向兼并动机,且产品替代性程度越低,兼并动力越大,只是在分散委托授权模式下企业的兼并动机比集中委托授权模式稍弱一些.并且证明兼并企业采用分散委托授权模式时与采用集中委托授权模式时其经营者激励机制调整有明显不同,集中委托授权模式所采用的经营者激励机制其攻击性普遍增强,而分散委托授权模式所采用的经营者激励机制其攻击性普遍减弱,但未兼并企业所采用的经营者激励机制其攻击性总是随兼并规模的增大而增加.     

预测精度和成本双时变的短生命周期产品供应链优化与协调

对于提前期可压缩的短生命周期产品供应链,压缩提前期可以提高销售商的需求预测精度,但增加了制造商的生产成本,因而供应链面临何时订货、订多少,以及如何实现Pareto改进的挑战。通过建立数学模型并求解,分析了分散系统和集中系统的最优决策,进一步开发了一个激励方案以实现供应链成员之间的协调。研究结果表明:具有订货回馈与惩罚的动态批发价契约能够有效协调双时变参数供应链,契约参数α在一定范围内取值可实现供需双方共赢。     

Centralization versus decentralization: Risk pooling,risk diversification,and supply chain disruptions

We investigate optimal system design in a multi-location system in which supply is subject to disruptions. We examine the expected costs and cost variances of the system in both a centralized and a decentralized inventory system. We show that, when demand is deterministic and supply may be disrupted, using a decentralized inventory design reduces cost variance through the risk diversification effect, and therefore a decentralized inventory system is optimal. This is in contrast to the classical result that when supply is deterministic and demand is stochastic, centralization is optimal due to the risk-pooling effect. When both supply may be disrupted and demand is stochastic, we demonstrate that a risk-averse firm should typically choose a decentralized inventory system design.     

不同货架空间分配顺序下农产品供应链优化问题研究

货架是超市和生鲜便利店的重要资源，不仅具有储存和展示农产品的功能，同时货架空间大小对农产品的销量具有重要影响。针对产品需求受货架空间与零售价格共同影响的两级农产品供应链，在考虑供应商主导和零售商主导的情况下，分别对零售商在销售季节来临前和来临后分配货架空间四种分散式农产品供应链的最优决策与利润进行了分析，并与一体化供应链的最优决策进行了比较。研究发现，不论是在供应商主导还是在零售商主导的农产品供应链中，零售商在销售季节来临前分配货架空间，相比在销售季节来临后分配货架空间，农产品的批发价格与零售价格更高，分配的货架空间更小，供应商和零售商均获得更少的利润，相应的农产品供应链整体利润更少。因此，零售商在销售季节来临后分配货架空间对农产品供应链更有利。相比一体化供应链，分散式供应链的零售价格更高，分配的货架空间更小，供应链整体利润小于一体化供应链的最优利润，本文给出了基于利润共享与成本共担的合同对分散式供应链进行协调。最后，通过数值算例研究了参数变化对最优决策和供应链利润的影响。     

A Model for Partial Product Complementarity and Strategic Production Decisions under Demand Uncertainty

This paper considers a general industrial setting where multiple manufacturers each produce a different product and sell it to the markets. These products are partially complementary in the sense that there is a common demand stream that requests all these products as complementary sets and there are streams of individual demands each requesting only one of the products. All demands are uncertain and may follow any general, joint distributions. Facing demand uncertainties, the manufacturers each choose a production quantity for its product with an objective to maximize its own expected profit. We formulate the problem as a non‐cooperative game to study the strategic interactions of such firms and their implications to supply chain performance. We show that such a game may have numerous equilibria. Among all the possible equilibria, however, we prove that there always exists a unique one that maximizes each and every manufacturer's profit, and we derive an explicit solution for this Pareto‐optimal equilibrium point. We further study the optimal solution for a centralized system and compare it with the decentralized solution. Managerial insights are drawn as to how system parameters and control mechanisms affect firms' decisions and performance.     

供应商保鲜努力的生鲜农产品双渠道供应链协调决策研究

在互联网迅猛发展的时代,生鲜农产品双渠道营销模式是供应商的最佳选择,如何发挥双渠道优势,实现渠道共赢是目前研究的热点。以供应商主导的双渠道供应链为研究对象,考虑新鲜度衰减且扰动需求和供应商保鲜努力,对比分析集中和分散决策模型,论证构建协调模型的必要性。从渠道合作和利润最大化的角度出发,设计两部定价契约、批发价协调契约和由成本分担与补偿策略构成的混合协调契约,三种契约均能在一定范围内有效实现供应链协调,提高各成员的利润。最后,对比分析所设计协调契约以认识其本质,并通过数值分析验证其有效性。     

供应链配送中的提前期模型研究

提出缩短提前期在快速反应中的重要性,分别研究供需双方在集中决策和分散决策情形下的最优提前期模型,最后研究供需双方在分散决策下的合作博弈模型,提出基于提前期折扣的配送协调策略。     

电子商务环境下双渠道供应链协调的补偿策略研究

构建了电子商务环境下由一个制造商与一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链模型,分析、比较了集中式决策与分散式决策下双渠道供应链的最优价格,从电子渠道与传统渠道合作的角度出发,研究了双渠道供应链协调的补偿策略,论证了这种补偿策略能够实现双渠道供应链协调,且在一定范围内可以保证双渠道供应链成员的双赢.最后通过算例分析,进一步检验了所设计的补偿策略对双渠道供应链协调的有效性.     

Budgets for integrating decentralized investment and production planning

Planning for an economic enterprise can be dichotomized into short-run production planning and longer-run investment planning. Usually these problems are treated as if they were separate, if not independent. This paper briefly reviews the separate approaches to optimal production decision making and investment planning, ‘fusing’ these models in order to consider the two issues simultaneously. The resulting ‘fused’ model is used to illustrate several difficulties which result from an intuitive synthesis of the independent solutions of the production problem and the investment problem. An integrated model is presented representing a centralized simultaneous solution for decision variables from the two functional fields. The paper compares and contrasts the synthesis of separate functional models to the decomposition of a simultaneous model of those functional areas. A result of this comparison is a theoretical justification for operating budgets and revenue targets as organizational mechanisms for achieving coordinated plans among decentralized planning units. Further, the set of conditions are identified under which the two approaches to simultaneous decision making are equivalent.     

Quick response and supply chain structure with strategic consumers

This work explores the impact of quick response on supply chain performance for various supply chain structures with strategic customer behavior. By investigating pricing and inventory decisions in decentralized supply chains under revenue-sharing contracts and in centralized supply chains, we study the performance of four various systems and compare the value of quick response in different supply chain structures. The results show that if the extra cost of quick response is relatively low, the value of quick response would be greater in centralized systems than in decentralized systems. On the other hand, if the extra cost is high, decentralized supply chains reap more incremental profits from adopting quick response. We also find that revenue-sharing contracts enable a decentralized supply chain to outperform a centralized supply chain, but only allow limited flexibility of allocating total profits between a manufacturer and a retailer.     

考虑消费者低碳偏好的供应链减排微分博弈模型研究

针对由一个供应商和一个制造商构成的两级供应链,考虑消费者的低碳偏好和碳交易政策,建立分散决策和集中决策两种情形下的微分博弈模型解决供应链动态优化问题,比较两种情形下的最优均衡反馈策略、减排量的最优轨迹及最优利润,提出减排策略。通过数值仿真,进一步验证了命题的有效性;通过对消费者低碳偏好及碳交易价格进行灵敏度分析发现：随着低碳偏好的增加,供应商和制造商的减排量和供应链系统的利润均增加,并且政府在规划期内应及时调整碳交易政策,达到激励企业减排的效果。     

考虑在线评论的双渠道供应链定价与服务决策

在集中与分散决策情形下,分别构建不考虑和考虑在线评论的双渠道供应链博弈模型,探讨在线评论背景下供应链的定价和服务投入决策,并分析在线评论对供应链最优决策和利润的影响。研究表明:在线评论会激励零售商提高服务投入水平;当评论有效性水平足够高时,其对制造商有利,当评论正向作用较强且精度足够高时,其对零售商有利;与集中决策相比,分散决策下评论精度提高对供应链系统更加不利;此外,当评论有效性水平足够高时,零售商服务投入可有效消除供应链双重边际效应。