Analysis of the choice between domestic and foreign loan facilities

When a corporation borrows from a non-domestic source, such as the Eurobond market, it is obliged to make interest payments in a foreign currency at pre-determined periods throughout the life of the loan. By doing this the corporation incurs an exchange risk which may outweigh any advantages of borrowing foreign currencies such as lower interest rates. This note describes a criterion which assists the corporate treasurer in his choice of currency by showing the exchange rates at the end of the life of the loan implied by each choice.     

中国债券市场时变风险溢价——远期利率潜在信息

 近年来,中国债券市场发展迅速,在全球债券市场排行中紧跟美国和日本债券市场,已跃居世界第三。与此同时,中国债券市场亟需得到更多的关注和研究。        在2005年之前,中国债券市场被认为符合预期假说,即长短期债券间不存在风险溢价。 由于预期假说假设投资者偏好为风险中性,而实际市场中的投资者偏好往往存在较大差异,因而债券市场风险溢价应长期存在。为研究该问题,直接关注零息债券持有期超额收益,力求捕捉风险溢价的时变特性。在Fama-Bliss和Cochrane-Piazzesi溢价预测模型的研究框架下,利用中国远期利率特性,构建远期利率差和远期利率组合两种预测因子。采用两种因子分别对中国债券市场风险溢价进行预测,探讨中国债券风险溢价的时变性。选取2006年至2015年中国零息国债即期利率数据,该区间能够完整覆盖中国债券市场的发展期,并涵盖金融危机时期或货币政策松、紧期。在此基础上,将宏观经济和货币政策代理变量引入预测模型,与远期利率组合进行多元预测对比,揭示远期利率所暗含的经济信息。此外,为充分验证预测结果的鲁棒性,进行多重共线性分析和样本外检验。        研究结果表明,预期假说在中国债券市场不成立,即中国债券市场存在明显的时变风险溢价,并且风险溢价随着期限的增加而升高。研究还发现远期利率组合的预测能力来源于两方面,一方面,自身蕴含了大量的宏观经济和货币政策信息,能够反映出经济状况对风险溢价的影响;另一方面,该组合属于水平型因子,能够很好地解释风险溢价中占比最高的成分,因此占优于远期利率差这种斜率型因子,更好地刻画风险溢价中的系统性部分。        准确刻画时变风险溢价不仅可以辅助投资者进行交易决策,而且有利于更精确地构建中国债券理论期限结构。一个合适的利率期限结构能够指导中国政府制定正确的货币政策,有助于促进中国债券市场的发展以及完善中国债券市场结构。     

Time‐Varying Risk Premium in Large Cross‐Sectional Equity Data Sets

We develop an econometric methodology to infer the path of risk premia from a large unbalanced panel of individual stock returns. We estimate the time‐varying risk premia implied by conditional linear asset pricing models where the conditioning includes both instruments common to all assets and asset‐specific instruments. The estimator uses simple weighted two‐pass cross‐sectional regressions, and we show its consistency and asymptotic normality under increasing cross‐sectional and time series dimensions. We address consistent estimation of the asymptotic variance by hard thresholding, and testing for asset pricing restrictions induced by the no‐arbitrage assumption. We derive the restrictions given by a continuum of assets in a multi‐period economy under an approximate factor structure robust to asset repackaging. The empirical analysis on returns for about ten thousand U.S. stocks from July 1964 to December 2009 shows that risk premia are large and volatile in crisis periods. They exhibit large positive and negative strays from time‐invariant estimates, follow the macroeconomic cycles, and do not match risk premia estimates on standard sets of portfolios. The asset pricing restrictions are rejected for a conditional four‐factor model capturing market, size, value, and momentum effects.     

Capacity Planning with Financial and Operational Hedging in Low‐Cost Countries

The authors of this article outline a capacity planning problem in which a risk‐averse firm reserves capacities with potential suppliers that are located in multiple low‐cost countries. While demand is uncertain, the firm also faces multi‐country foreign currency exposures. This study develops a mean‐variance model that maximizes the firm's optimal utility and derives optimal utility and optimal decisions in capacity and financial hedging size. The authors show that when demand and exchange rate risks are perfectly correlated, a risk‐averse firm, by using financial hedging, will achieve the same optimal utility as a risk‐neutral firm. In this study as well, a special case is examined regarding two suppliers in China and Vietnam. The results show that if a single supplier is contracted, financial hedging most benefits the highly risk‐averse firm when the demand and exchange rate are highly negatively related. When only one hedge is used, financial hedging dominates operational hedging only when the firm is very risk averse and the correlation between the two exchange rates have become positive. With both theoretical and numerical results, this study concludes that the two hedges are strategic tools and interact each other to maximize the optimal utility.     

资本流动、外汇管制与人民币内外价值背离

近年国际资本大量流入我国境内,通过外汇管制渠道提高外汇储备,一方面造成外汇市场供给增加,给人民币带来升值的压力;另一方面,央行经常被动性购入外汇,造成外汇占款增多,在外汇占款日趋成为我国基础货币供应主渠道的情况下,我国货币供应量被动增加,超额货币供应成为推动物价资产价格上涨的资金来源,人民币内外价值日趋出现背离趋势。本文认为,外汇管制使基础货币被动放大,放松管制使汇率波动和波动预期提高,二者合并产生了当前的货币现象。     

A portfolio model for foreign exchange exposure management

This paper summarizes the results of our research into applications of decision analysis and portfolio theory to the management of foreign exchange exposure. In contrast with much current practice in foreign exchange management, the portfolio approach takes into explicit consideration the inherent relationships among the currencies in the company's foreign currency portfolio. The hedging model developed in this article traces out an ‘efficient frontier’ or trade-off curve between expected value and variance of the foreign currency portfolio at the end of the planning period. In doing so, the model chooses the optimal amount and method of hedging for each currency in the portfolio.     

跳跃分形过程下欧式汇率期权的定价

假设汇率变化过程服从带跳跃的分形布朗运动,建立跳跃分形的汇率期权市场模型,利用分形Girsanov公式和自融资策略,推导出跳跃分形汇率市场中欧式未定权益在任意时刻的定价公式。然后,根据汇率期权定价原理得出跳跃分形过程下欧式汇率期权的定价公式。最后选取欧元/美元汇率期权进行实证分析,通过比较不同定价模型的结果说明了汇率市场兼具跳跃和分形的特性。     

欧元外汇市场收益率的长期记忆性比较研究

针对欧元汇率的时间序列是否存在长期记忆性的问题,提出分别使用修正R/S和GPH谱回归的分析方法进行比较评估.以1999年1月1日～2007年12月31日欧元对美元、日元、英镑、瑞士法郎、加拿大元、澳大利亚元和新加坡元的双边汇率数据作为研究对象,每组货币对的样本数均为2 304个,取其对教收益序列.实证结果表明,修正R/S分析方法下,仅欧元时澳大利亚元的汇率数据在5%的水平下接受长期记忆的假设,其他均未表现出长期记忆性;而GPH检验下.7种货币对的日收益序列均不存在显著的长期记忆性.欧元外汇市场总体上不存在显著的长期记忆性,其原因可能是欧元外汇市场上存在大规模的短期交易行为.     

供应链中双边汇率风险传导机理及传导结果

利用批发价合同构建了一个包含国外零售商、国内零售商、制造商与供应商的博弈模型，其中制造商面临着进出口双边汇率风险。通过模型均衡，研究了双边汇率波动性及其相关性结构对供应链节点企业运作变量的波动性、期望业绩和业绩方差的影响（传导机理和结果）。结果表明：当进出口汇率波动负相关时，随着进（出）口汇率波动性程度的增加，（1）供应商和国外零售商运作变量的波动性、期望业绩和业绩方差，制造商对供应商和国外零售商的均衡批发价方差，制造商期望业绩均增加；（2）制造商对国内零售商的均衡批发价方差，国内零售商运作变量的波动性、期望业绩和业绩方差均先降低后增加，风险传导呈现出U-型特征；当进出口汇率波动正相关时，随着进（出）口汇率波动性程度的增加，（3）供应商和国外零售商运作变量的波动性、期望业绩和业绩方差，制造商对供应商和国外零售商的均衡批发价方差，制造商期望业绩均先降低后增加，此时风险传导也呈现出U-型特征；（4）制造商对国内零售商的均衡批发价方差，国内零售商运作变量的波动性、期望业绩和业绩方差均增加。     

亚洲货币单位对东亚货币合作和人民币汇率改革的影响

本文说明了亚洲货币单位的编制背景、功能以及方法和结果,并指出了编制方法中的缺陷。通过模拟人民币单一钉住美元与单一钉住亚洲货币单位,我们发现钉住亚洲货币单位更有助于维护人民币贸易加权汇率稳定。通过钉住AMU,还能够借助国际金融市场为人民币合理定价和低成本规避汇率风险。在人民币在亚洲货币单位中占据较大权重、人民币与亚洲货币单位之间保持相对灵活的平价调整规则的前提下,人民币保持与亚洲货币单位的相对稳定将有助于推进以市场供求为基础和参考一篮子货币的人民币汇率形成机制。     

EQUIVALENCE RESULTS FOR OPTIMAL PASS‐THROUGH,OPTIMAL INDEXING TO EXCHANGE RATES,AND OPTIMAL CHOICE OF CURRENCY FOR EXPORT PRICING

Firms sometimes write price lists or catalogs for their exports, so they set prices for a period of time and do not adjust prices during that interval in response to changes in their environment. The firm sets the price either in its own currency or the importer's currency. This paper draws a simple link between the choice of currency and the pricing decision of a firm that changes prices in response to all shocks. Specifically, if the latter firm's price has a lower variance in terms of its own currency than the importer's currency, then the firm with a price list will set the price in its own currency (and otherwise it will set price in the foreign currency). This relationship is established by consideration of the firm with a price list as a special case of a firm that indexes its export price to the exchange rate. (JEL: F4, F1)     

Currency exposure management

Few long range planners can be unaware that exchange rates have been unstable since the late 1960s. After the relative stability of the Bretton Woods era, the world is now in a state of floating currencies, in which exchange rate fluctuations have become an important factor in the business environment. Companies should recognize different types of currency risk exposure and define their corporate objectives, including an assessment of whether the corporate position is to be defensive or whether some well-controlled exposure is desirable.     

Robust decisions in power system investments

The Turkish electrical system has been studied, particularly for the near term investment programme. The objective of the study was to determine the most likely investment alternatives for the next ten-year period, from a cost effectiveness point of view. A dynamic linear programming model was used in representing the national energy system, with special emphasis on the electricity sector. Hydro, coal, nuclear and oil-fired power plants as well as their interconnection investments were modelled. A 27-year planning horizon was defined. The scenario approach was utilized in establishing the effects of different factors, such as foreign currency requirements of projects, nuclear plant costs and nuclear fuel costs, demand growth rates for electricity as well as other fuels, availability of foreign currency and skilled manpower, and the development rates of coal mines, coal power plants and nuclear power plants. After analyzing the results of 24 different scenarios, robust plans for developing the power system are suggested. Other investments that are subject to the realization of certain conditions are also indicated.     

人民币与新台币汇兑定价机制研究

随着海峡两岸"三通"的正式启动以及两岸金融监管谅解备忘录(MOU)的生效,两岸的经贸交流日趋紧密,因此人民币与新台币之间尽快实现双向直接兑换就显得更加迫切。本文采用直接定价和间接定价两种方法对人民币与新台币的汇率做出定价,直接定价法是根据购买力平价理论和货币模型,通过多元线性回归得到两地汇率与我国大陆和台湾地区产出水平、货币供应量和利率的关系。而间接定价法是根据利率平价理论,通过对人民币兑美元的NDF汇率、远期汇率和即期汇率以及新台币兑美元的NDF汇率和即期汇率分别做单位根检验,协整检验和格兰杰因果关系检验后,发现人民币与新台币各自的汇率之间存在显著的相关关系,因此我们利用NDF汇率替代利率平价公式中的远期汇率,计算出人民币与新台币的即期汇率,通过比较发现:间接定价法更适合于人民币与新台币汇率的决定。     

基于远期溢价原则的人民币条件套保绩效研究

本文从中国投资者视角出发,运用汇改前后数据考察了对发达国家股票投资组合实施货币套保策略的绩效,包括选择性和大升水两个基于远期溢价原则的条件套保策略、以及不套保和完全套保两个基本策略。研究结果发现:自人民币汇率形成机制改革以来,无论是从各国投资的单位风险收益指标、还是从投资组合的效率前沿分布来看,基于远期溢价原则的条件套保策略均显著优于不套保和完全套保策略。上述结果表明,在人民币持续升值背景下,随着即期外汇市场有效性的增强,应用远期溢价条件套保策略管理国际化投资的汇率风险是一种可行的方法。     

Reducing exposure to exchange rate risk: A case study

During the last decade, with the advent of large fluctuations in the values of currencies, business managers came to realize that effective international financial management could be a major contributor to a firm's profitability. This same period showed aggressive marketing by U.S. firms in foreign markets. The resulting expansions have led to requirements for increased knowledge concerning foreign consumer behavior, pricing procedures and trade regulations. In addition, transactions with foreign customers have resulted in a more complex cash management environment. The firms may desire all payments received to be denominated in U.S. dollars, but such a policy could result in reduced exports if potential foreign importers wished to make payment in their own currency. Consequently, the U.S. firms should accomodate importers' desires and then implement a strategy to deal with the exchange rate risk. This paper develops such a strategy and illustrates how the strategy can be applied to a realistic case.     

金融衍生品投资与企业现金流波动风险研究

为了揭示金融衍生品对企业现金流波动风险的影响机制与效应,以我国沪深A股2015~2018年制造业上市公司为研究对象,运用Heckman两阶段回归模型进行实证研究。研究发现:公司使用金融衍生品降低了现金流波动风险;当经营风险大、信息不对称程度高以及代理冲突严重时,其降低幅度更高,揭示出金融衍生品的主体需求和效应差异。进一步分析发现,外汇衍生品和商品衍生品发挥了降低现金流波动风险的作用,而利率衍生品的效应不显著;金融衍生品加剧了特质风险但对系统性风险无显著作用,并且对公司价值未产生显著影响。     

Heterogeneous firm response to organized crime: Evidence from FDI in Mexico

We thank Editor Massaki Kotabe and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. In addition, we appreciate helpful feedback on earlier versions of this paper from Myles Shaver, Jennifer Oetzel, Adam Fremeth, anonymous reviewers for the 2011 31st Strategic Management Society Annual International Conference and conference participants. Jorge Delgado and Avilia Bueno provided valuable assistance with data collection.This paper examines the impact of organized crime on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) considering the role of foreign investor home-country experience. Extant research shows a negative impact of organized crime on FDI. We expect investor home-country experience with organized crime to ameliorate this deterrent effect. We do not find support for this prediction analyzing FDI net flows into Mexican states from 2001 to 2010. Our analysis does, however, reveal a heterogeneous investor response to organized crime. Our results suggest, surprisingly, that crime in host locations is actually positively associated with investment from high-crime countries. This research makes several contributions. Our evidence suggests that firms seek to leverage home experience with high levels of local organized crime, involving seemingly localized routines and practices, as they expand abroad. In addition, our work draws attention to the effect of institutional variation within host countries in foreign entry. It also expands the literature by focusing on organized crime, a largely unexplored source of country risk in international management research. Finally, it brings attention to the role of powerful international criminal organizations, drug cartels, in shaping cross-border business activity.     

金融市场间波动溢出效应研究——GC-MSV模型及其应用

在资本自由流动、信息充分的背景下,金融市场之间受相同宏观经济因素的影响,往往会表现出协同变化的特征,外汇市场和股票市场间波动溢出效应一直是经济金融界研究的热点。随机波动模型是随机微分方程的离散化表示形式,其通过一个不可观测的随机过程来描述金融时间序列的波动特征,更适合于金融领域的实际研究。本文引入GC-MSV模型对我国汇改后汇市与股市间的波动溢出效应进行研究。实证结果表明,整体上汇市与股市间存在负相关的动态价格溢出效应;在人民币持续升值阶段和持续震荡阶段均存在不对称的波动溢出效应,且随时间推移波动溢出效应有所减弱。     

关于货币风险套期保值方法的描述与比较

本文借助一个传统的无摩擦的国际金融市场模型,讨论了三种假设前提下贴现债券价格的变化率。在此基础上,导出了远期合约的价格以及相关的期货交割价格,并对此作了比较。