加拿大中国移民概况及发展态势

加拿大是移民国家,几乎世界各国都有人移民加拿大.本文着重阐述中国移民加拿大的简要历史,移民数量变化及类别、存在问题、未来发展态势.     

三峡移民社区的整合机制分析——兼论移民纠纷框架下社会资本的缺失与重构

三峡移民社区的整合一直是学术界关注的问题之一。本文通过实地调查和个案访谈,以移民纠纷作为切入点。主要分析了移民社区中社会资本的缺失与重构。认为移民社区的整合和合法性的获得来源于国家力量和移民、移民和移民之间关系网络的生成和维系。而移民纠纷深深的“嵌入”这些关系网络所构成的社区基础秩序之中。同时深刘的体现了社区合法性的维系机制。     

1960~2020 年在华国际移民变动情况研究

利用世界银行全球双边迁移数据库和联合国国际移民数据库,本文分析了从1960-2020年在华国际移民存量和来源地的变化。发现在华国际移民的情况受到中国社会经济状况以及管理政策的影响,经历了两个完全不同的变动阶段。目前,在华国际移民的相对存量仍然较小,但其绝对存量从1980年前后开始迅速增加,来源国也更加广泛。未来中国可能会迎来国际移民流入的大潮,需要尽快开展国际移民相关的研究,做好在华国际移民的信息采集、识别和管理工作,有针对性地做好在华国际移民管理预案。     

建立移民社会保障制度的可行性研究

针对非自愿移民而设计的社会保障制度是保障移民生活、保证移民目标实现的重要机制。以湖南省华容县为个案,深入分析建立移民社会保障制度的必要性和运行机制,并提出了一些制度构建和运行的看法。     

建立移民社会保障制度的可行性研究

针对非自愿移民而设计的社会保障制度是保障移民生活、保证移民目标实现的重要机制。笔者以湖南省华容县为个案 ,深入分析建立移民社会保障制度的必要性和运行机制 ,并提出了一些制度构建和运行的看法。     

1960年以来中国周边邻国国际移民的变迁趋势

利用世界银行全球双边迁移数据库和联合国全球移民存量数据库，对1960～2020年中国周边邻国国际移民的变化趋势进行分析，同时关注邻国国际移民的来华情况，并对其未来趋势进行预判。研究发现，60年间，中国邻国国际移民存量与邻国来华移民存量均呈现先减后增的阶段性变化特征。与此同时，中国邻国国际移民的目的地逐渐向欧美与海湾地区转移，不同邻国国际移民的目的地分布存在差异。在此期间，尽管邻国来华移民在全部在华国际移民中占据重要地位，但绝大多数邻国国际移民并未将中国大陆视为其主要目的地。结合中国未来发展前景与“一带一路”倡议等战略安排，可以预见中国今后将迎接更大规模的邻国国际移民。当前，需要在学术研究与相关政策制定等方面做好充分准备。     

中国对外移民的区位选择及其影响因素--基于修正零值国际移民引力模型的分析

利用联合国经济和社会事务部国际移民统计数据库中1990－2013年中国对143个国家和地区的移民存量数据,在修正移民零值基础上,采用国际移民引力模型考察了中国对外移民的区位分布及其影响因素。研究结果表明：中国对外移民主要分布在距离较近和收入较高的国家或地区;影响中国对外移民的因素有移民输入国经济发展水平、经济规模、人口规模、制度质量以及距离;移民输入国资源丰富程度和老龄化程度对中国移民没有显著影响。本文的研究结论意味着保持中国经济持续健康发展、提高国民收入水平、继续深化改革提高制度质量对减少人才流失具有重要意义。     

试论青田新移民的人口生态

根据文献和调查数据，重点探讨青田籍新移民的人口分布、文化水准及其主要移民方式，揭示青田新移民具有人数集中在欧洲、接受国内教育水平较低、以家庭团聚和非正常渠道出国为主要移民方式等特征。     

世界人口移民新态势

20世纪中叶以来 ,世界人口移民逐渐发生变化。发展中国家移民人数明显增加 ,其中越境难民和非法入境者占主流 ,知识型移民逐年提高。而经济发达国家的澳大利亚和德国人口外迁移民也令人关注。典型的移民国家以色列仍在吸引世界各地的犹太人回到自己的祖国     

血亲网络对近代东北移民经济差异的影响:1845～1934年

文章利用20世纪30年代东北地区农村调查数据,讨论了作为移民网络重要组成部分的血亲网络对移民间经济福利水平差异及社会流动性的影响。通过构建计量模型进行分析,结果显示:血亲网络对移民提高自身经济福利水平具有显著的正向影响,是导致移民间经济福利水平差异的重要因素;移民在血亲网络的作用下可以实现自身的向上社会流动。文章不仅分析了血亲关系在近代东北移民活动中对提升移民经济福利所起到的重要作用,还揭示了血亲网络在移民群体中所体现的经济功能。     

文化的同化对加拿大老年人居住方式的影响

本文基于加拿大 1996年移民数据 ,利用单因素和多因素Logit模型分析方法 ,试图研究文化因素对老年人居住方式的影响。主要结论如下 :文化因素对老年人居住方式的选择有重要影响 ;文化的同化对移民居住方式的选择有显著作用 ,表现为移民时间越早的移民老年人独立居住的倾向越强 ;文化同化速度的快慢对不同种族来源的移民来说是不同的。该文认为 ,在未来相当长的时间内 ,与子女合住仍然是中国老年人居住方式的主流     

Immigration,skills and the labor market: International evidence

Using the 1994–1998 International Adult Literacy Survey, this paper compares cognitive skills and employment of immigrants in Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the United States. Immigrants had lower cognitive test scores than natives in each country, with the largest gaps in the US, and small gaps in Canada and New Zealand. Male immigrants in the US were no less likely to work than natives, while in the other countries, male immigrants were less likely to be employed. Female immigrants were less likely in each country to be employed than natives, with an especially large gap for the US.The author thanks Francine D. Blau and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions and Katsuhide Yamashita for excellent research assistance. Responsible editor: Christoph M. Schmidt.     

Language choice among immigrants in a multi-lingual destination

This paper analyzes the choice of dominant destination language spoken by immigrants in a multi-lingual destination. The empirical analysis is performed for Canada. Immigrants tend to gravitate to the official language that is closer to their mother tongue, that predominates in their region of residence and that has the broader labor market or economy. Bilingualism in the two official languages increases with the level of education in both Quebec and English Canada. French-only speakers among immigrants in Quebec tend to come from Romance language countries, have low levels of schooling, are recent arrivals and immigrated at an older age.     

Emigration from Canada in the 1960s

Summary Emigration from Canada can be assessed only by indirect means. Here, survival ratios have been applied to the total population enumerated in the 1961 Census and to particular segments of it, so that a comparison of the calculated numbers in 1971 with the population actually enumerated indicates the volume of emigration during the decade, both in the whole population and in certain groups. Amounting to two-thirds of the number of immigrants during the same period, the estimate for the ten years is exactly double the volume of emigration reported to the Joint Parliamentary Committee on immigration policy of 1975. Since 1971, the level of emigration has probably fallen. Of the 960,000 emigrants during the decade, 42 per cent were Canadian-born. Their favourite destination was the United States; immigrants, on the other hand, tended to return home. Many immigrants now stay in Canada for only a few years. Fewer Canadians emigrate to the United States. These two factors have contributed to a new pattern of emigration, up-to-date details of which will not be ascertained before the Census of 1981.     

Strengths and Weaknesses of Canadian Express Entry System: Experts’ Perceptions

This article offers an analysis of the first four years of functioning of Express Entry, a new on-line application management system to select skilled entrants for Canada's key economic immigration programs leading to permanent residence. Based on interviews with 20 experts on Canadian immigration policies, we identified a number of strengths and weaknesses of the Canadian Express Entry system related to four areas: immigration policy making, processing of applications, selection of immigrants, and retention of immigrants. Since these areas are integral parts of immigration policies in all countries and Canada is a long-term leader in the design of points-based systems for selection of skilled immigrants, we also specify several lessons from the Canadian experience with the Express Entry system for other countries seeking to attract skilled immigrants.     

A model of destination-language acquisition: Application to male immigrants in Canada

We develop a model using human capital theory and an immigrant adjustment process to generate hypotheses on the acquisition of destination-language skills among immigrants. The model is tested for adult male immigrants in the 1991 Census of Canada. Use of English or French is greater, the younger the age at migration, the longer the duration of residence, the higher the educational attainment, the farther the country of origin from Canada, and the linguistically closer the mother tongue to English or French, and among those who are not refugees, those from a former British, French, or American colony, and those who live in an area where fewer people speak the respondent’s mother tongue. The explanatory variables based on birthplace have behavioral interpretations and possess almost as much explanatory power as the birthplace dummy variables     

Long‐Term Contribution of Immigration to Population Renewal in Canada: A Simulation

We analyze the direct and indirect demographic contribution of immigration to the foreign‐origin composition of the Canadian population according to various projection scenarios over a century, from 2006 to 2106. More specifically, we use Statistics Canada's Demosim microsimulation model to assess the long‐term sensitivity to immigration levels and the frequency of mixed unions of the share of immigrants in Canada and of persons who have at least one ancestor who arrived after 2006. The results of the simulations show that the population renewal process through immigration happens at a fast pace in a high immigration and low fertility country such as Canada. Under the scenarios developed, immigrants who entered after 2006 and their descendants could form the majority of the population by 2058 at the earliest and by 2079 at the latest and could represent between 62 percent and 88 percent in 2106. They also show that mixed unions are a key element of the speed at which the changes are likely to occur in the long run.     

Canada's population: growth and dualism

In Canada the current 1.3% population growth rate is causing some concern. Those concerned argue that such a rate of growth in combination with high levels of consumption could jeopardize the country's resource base and its comfortable style of living. Many Canadians are questioning high levels of immigration, for now that the fertility level is below replacement level, net immigration contributes substantially to population growth (over 1/3 in 1976). The growing proportion of non-Europeans among recent immigrants is causing resentment, and, in a tight job market, immigrants are regarded as threats to the World War 2 baby boom cohort who are now at working ages. The baby boom generation also puts stress on housing and health services, and it will increase the need for pension checks as it ages. Although French fertility is no longer high and immigration is no longer dominated by the British, the French group's 200-year struggle to preserve its identity continues on in the current effort of the Quebec government to enforce the use of French language by law within that province. Geography and climate dictate another demographic fact that divides the country and pervades its history. In addition to intense regionalism, uneven population distribution is responsible for 2 other concerns: the rapid growth of several already large cities and depopulation of many small communities. Focus in this discussion is on Canada's population growth in the past and as projected for the future, historical and current fertility, mortality and immigration trends, the search for a new immigration policy, the impact of the baby boom generation on the population's age structure and the problems this creates, and recent shifts in population distribution and in the country's ethnic and linguistic makeup. The population policy proposals evolved thus far involve to a great extent the use of immigration as a lever for achieving given population objectives.     

Immigrant employment and earnings growth in Canada and the USA: evidence from longitudinal data

We study the short-term trajectories of employment, hours worked, and real wages of immigrants in Canada and the USA using nationally representative longitudinal datasets covering 1996–2008. Models with person fixed effects show that, on average, immigrant men in Canada do not experience any relative growth in these three outcomes compared to men born in Canada. Immigrant men in the USA, on the other hand, experience positive annual growth in all three domains relative to US-born men. This difference is largely on account of low-educated immigrant men, who experience faster or longer periods of relative growth in employment and wages in the USA than in Canada. We further compare longitudinal and cross-sectional trajectories and find that the latter over-estimate wage growth of earlier arrivals, presumably reflecting selective return migration.     

An alternative approach to immigration policy: Rationing by skill

Current U.S. immigration policy places a heavy emphasis on kinship ties with a U.S. citizen or resident alien in rationing immigration visas. An alternative policy is to focus on the skills of visa applicants. Immigrants with higher levels of schooling and with skills that are more readily transferable to the U.S. labor market are more productive, as measured by their earnings. A larger proportion of skilled workers in a cohort of immigrants tends to narrow the differences in earnings among skill groups in the native-born population. This reduces income inequality and reduces the use of income transfers by the low-skilled native-born population. More highly-skilled immigrants also make less use of income-contingent transfers. A point-system would be necessary to combine the multidimensional aspects of skill. The adoption of skill-based rationing with a point system in Canada led to an increase in the skill level of the immigrants.