关于二项分布近似计算的有效性验证

本文从二项分布的两种近似计算法即泊松分布近似和正态分布近似入手，构建计量模型对两种近似计算的有效性进行验证，得出了用泊松分布和正态分布在相应条件下近似计算二项分布的合理性。     

广义线性混合模型及其在非寿险信度费率厘定中的应用

近年来,国内外精算学者开始将广义线性混合模型用于信度模型费率厘定中,但他们对因变量的推广仅仅推广到负二项分布。在前人的研究基础上,将因变量进一步推广到负二项K、广义泊松、双泊松等分布,然后用极大似然估计中的限制性虚拟似然法和自适应高斯求积法对参数进行估计,最后用美国劳工补偿保险进行实证分析。结果表明:负二项K(K=1.947)广义线性混合模型对数据拟合效果最好,其次为负二项1、负二项2、双泊松、广义泊松和泊松广义线性混合模型。     

浅谈Excel在统计分析中的应用（下）

三、用Excel计算分布的概率 利用Excel中的函数工具,可以计算二项分布、超几何分布、泊松分布、正态分布等概率分布的概率。下面以二项分布概率的计算为例,来说明如何用Excel计算分布的概率。 利用Excel的BINOMDIST函数可以计算出二项分布的概率以及累积概率。该函数有四个参数:Number-s(实验成功的次     

随机效应零膨胀索赔次数回归模型

索赔频率预测是非寿险费率厘定的重要组成部分。最常使用的索赔频率预测模型是泊松回归和负二项回归,以及与它们相对应的零膨胀回归模型。但是,当索赔次数观察值既具有零膨胀特征,又存在组内相依结构时,上述模型都不能很好地拟合实际数据。为此,本文在泊松分布、负二项分布、广义泊松分布、P型负二项分布等条件下分别建立了随机效应零膨胀损失次数回归模型。为了改进模型的预测效果,对于连续型的解释变量,还引入了二次平滑项,并建立了结构性零比例与解释变量之间的回归关系。基于一组实际索赔次数数据的实证分析结果表明,该模型可以显著改进现有模型的拟合效果。     

泊松分布在分析低患病率方面的应用

统计学中的泊松分布在实际问题的许多应用是一个比较重要的内容。泊松分布是ｎｐ＝λ（λ为常量）的二项分布在ｎ→∞时的极限分布。通常当二项分布中的试验次数ｎ很大，事件发生的概率ｐ很小时，利用泊松分布比较满意。在医学研究中，分析人群中阳性率极低（如稀有病的例...     

二项分布和泊松分布的剖析

一、二项分布和泊松分布的导出过程的剖析和应用二项分布和泊松分布是两类最熟悉不过的重要离散型分布,而且这两个分布的概率函数有密切的联系。下面先给出概率论教材中这两个分布的数学导出过程:(一)二项分布设n次贝努里试验满足条件:(1)每一次试验中事件A发生的概率是不变的,     

离散型分布K阶原点矩的递推公式

文章通过对二项分布、泊松分布和几何分布Ｋ阶原点矩中的某个参数求导的方法，推导出这三个分布含有微分形式的递推公式，并根据这三个递推公式共性的分布，得到一般形式的Ｋ阶原点矩的递推公式。     

地震死亡人数预测与巨灾保险基金测算

巨灾保险制度在很大程度上依赖于巨灾损失的建模分析。由于巨灾损失通常存在极端值,一般的统计分布很难对其进行有效拟合。本文以我国大陆地区1950-2015年期间的地震灾害为研究样本,基于二维泊松过程建立了地震灾害死亡人数的预测模型。根据地震死亡人数的分布特征,将地震灾害分为非巨灾事件和巨灾事件,分别用右截断的负二项分布和右截断的广义帕累托分布拟合死亡人数;用齐次泊松过程描述地震灾害在给定期间的发生次数;用Panjer迭代法和快速傅里叶变换计算地震死亡人数在特定时期的分布以及风险度量值;用蒙特卡罗模拟法测算我国地震死亡保险基金的规模和纯保费水平。与传统的巨灾模型相比,本文提出的方法同时考虑了地震灾害发生的时间和地震死亡人数两个维度,并用贝叶斯方法估计模型参数,对地震死亡人数的拟合更加合理,为完善我国地震死亡保险提供了一种新的思路。     

拟合索赔数据的一种新方法：叠加分布模型

一、引言保险公司在收取续保费时,要充分利用每一个投保人的索赔历史记录,这些历史记录包括各投保期的索赔次数以及每一次索赔的大小等等。根据这些信息,保险公司利用损失分布模型将这些信息数据拟合出来,然后预测在续保期内投保人将给保险公司带来的损失。在对数据进行拟合以前,保险公司要选择合适的损失模型。就目前而言,拟合索赔大小的模型包括指数分布模型、伽马分布模型、对数正态分布模型、帕累托分布模型等;拟合索赔次数的损失模型有很多,包括泊松分布模型、负二项分布模型、泊松—逆高斯分布模型等。这些模型在拟合数据时都有比较良…     

非寿险费率厘定的索赔频率预测模型及其应用

在非寿险分类费率厘定中,泊松回归模型是最常使用的索赔频率预测模型,但实际的索赔频率数据往往存在过离散特征,使泊松回归模型的结果缺乏可靠性.因此,讨论处理过离散问题的各种回归模型,包括负二项回归模型、泊松-逆高斯回归模型、泊松-对数正态回归模型、广义泊松回归模型、双泊松回归模型、混合负二项回归模型、混合二项回归模型、Delaporte回归模型和Sichel回归模型,并对其进行系统比较研究认为:这些模型都可以看做是对泊松回归模型的推广,可以用于处理各种不同过离散程度的索赔频率数据,从而改善费率厘定的效果;同时应用一组实际的汽车保险数据,讨论这些模型的具体应用.     

Estimation of the generalized exponential renewal function

When the shape parameter is a non-integer of the generalized exponential (GE) distribution, the analytical renewal function (RF) usually is not tractable. To overcome this, the approximation method has been used in this paper. In the proposed model, the n-fold convolution of the GE cumulative distribution function (CDF) is approximated by n-fold convolutions of gamma and normal CDFs. We obtain the GE RF by a series approximation model. The method is very simple in the computation. Numerical examples have shown that the approximate models are accurate and robust. When the parameters are unknown, we present the asymptotic confidence interval of the RF. The validity of the asymptotic confidence interval is checked via numerical experiments.     

A new approximation for the distribution of the difference of two t-variables

A mixture representation for the distribution of the difference of two independent t-varlables is provided to approximate the probabilities and percentiles The mixture of normal and standardized t is found to be quite suitable in terms of the accuracy and simplicity as it compares favorably to the best known approximation namelyt that due to Ghosh (1975). The idea of the mixture distribution is also extended to provide an approximation to the distribution of a linear combination of independent t-variables which provides an approximation to the Behrens-Fisher distribution in particular.     

Sample Size and Power Calculations for Left-Truncated Normal Distribution

Abstract

Sample size calculation is an important component in designing an experiment or a survey. In a wide variety of fields—including management science, insurance, and biological and medical science—truncated normal distributions are encountered in many applications. However, the sample size required for the left-truncated normal distribution has not been investigated, because the distribution of the sample mean from the left-truncated normal distribution is complex and difficult to obtain. This paper compares an ad hoc approach to two newly proposed methods based on the Central Limit Theorem and on a high degree saddlepoint approximation for calculating the required sample size with the prespecified power. As shown by use of simulations and an example of health insurance cost in China, the ad hoc approach underestimates the sample size required to achieve prespecified power. The method based on the high degree saddlepoint approximation provides valid sample size and power calculations, and it performs better than the Central Limit Theorem. When the sample size is not too small, the Central Limit Theorem also provides a valid, but relatively simple tool to approximate that sample size.     

An approximation to the exact distribution of the wilcoxon-mann-whitney rank sum test statistic

An approximation to the exact distribution of the Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney U-test) and the Siegel-Tukey test based on a linear combination of the two-sample t-test applied to ranks and the normal approximation is compared with the usual normal approximation. The normal approximation results in a conservative test in the tails while the linear combination of the test statistics provides a test that has a very high percentage of agreement with tables of the exact distribution. Sample sizes 3≤m, n≤50 were considered.     

Sample size determinations when two binomial proportions are very small

Sample size determination for testing the hypothesis of equality of proportions with a specified type I and type I1 error probabilitiesis of ten based on normal approximation to the binomial distribution. When the proportionsinvolved are very small, the exact distribution of the test statistic may not follow the assumed distribution. Consequently, the sample size determined by the test statistic may not result in the sespecifiederror probabilities. In this paper the author proposes a square root formula and compares it with several existing sample size approximation methods. It is found that with small proportion (p≦.01) the squar eroot formula provides the closest approximation to the exact sample sizes which attain a specified type I and type II error probabilities. Thes quare root formula is simple inform and has the advantage that equal differencesare equally detectable.     

Approximation of the Distribution of the Location Parameter in the Growth Curve Model

Abstract.  In this paper an Edgeworth-type approximation of order O(n ⁻² ) to the density of the estimator of the location parameter in the growth curve model has been derived. The approximation is a mixture of a normal and a Kotz-type distribution, thus being an elliptical distribution. A condition for unimodality of the mixture was found and marginal distribution of a subvector of the mixture distribution was derived. Finally, a small example was given to demonstrate an application of the approximation.     

Euler characteristic heuristic for approximating the distribution of the largest eigenvalue of an orthogonally invariant random matrix

The Euler characteristic heuristic has been proposed as a method for approximating the upper tail probability of the maximum of a random field with smooth sample path. When the random field is Gaussian, this method is proved to be valid in the sense that the relative approximation error is exponentially smaller. However, very little is known about the validity of the method when the random field is non-Gaussian. In this paper, as a milestone to developing the general theory about the validity of the Euler characteristic heuristic, we examine the Euler characteristic heuristic for approximating the distribution of the largest eigenvalue of an orthogonally invariant non-Gaussian random matrix. In this particular example, if the probability density function of the random matrix converges to zero sufficiently fast at the boundary of its support, the approximation error of the Euler characteristic heuristic is proved to be small and the approximation is valid. Moreover, for several standard orthogonally invariant random matrices, the approximation formula for the distribution of the largest eigenvalue and its asymptotic error are obtained explicitly. Our formulas are practical enough for the purpose of numerical calculations.     

Sample size calculation for testing non-inferiority and equivalence under Poisson distribution

When counting the number of chemical parts in air pollution studies or when comparing the occurrence of congenital malformations between a uranium mining town and a control population, we often assume Poisson distribution for the number of these rare events. Some discussions on sample size calculation under Poisson model appear elsewhere, but all these focus on the case of testing equality rather than testing equivalence. We discuss sample size and power calculation on the basis of exact distribution under Poisson models for testing non-inferiority and equivalence with respect to the mean incidence rate ratio. On the basis of large sample theory, we further develop an approximate sample size calculation formula using the normal approximation of a proposed test statistic for testing non-inferiority and an approximate power calculation formula for testing equivalence. We find that using these approximation formulae tends to produce an underestimate of the minimum required sample size calculated from using the exact test procedure. On the other hand, we find that the power corresponding to the approximate sample sizes can be actually accurate (with respect to Type I error and power) when we apply the asymptotic test procedure based on the normal distribution. We tabulate in a variety of situations the minimum mean incidence needed in the standard (or the control) population, that can easily be employed to calculate the minimum required sample size from each comparison group for testing non-inferiority and equivalence between two Poisson populations.     

Multivariate Saddlepoint test for the wrapped normal model

In this article we show the effectiveness and the accuracy of the test statistic based on the expnnent of the saddlepoint approximation for the density of M-estimators, proposed by Robinson, Ronchetti and Young (1999), for testing simultaneous hypotheses on the mean and on the variance of a wrapped normal distribution. We base this test statistic on the trigonometric method of moments estimator proposed by Gatto and Jammalamadaka (l999b), which admits the M-estimator representation necessary for this test. This test statistic has an approximate chi-squared distribution, asympiotically up to the second order, and the high accuracy of this approximation is shown by numerical simulations.     

Approximating the difference of two t-variables for all degrees of freedom using truncated variables

A scaled t‐distribution is used to approximate the distribution of a linear combination of two independent t‐variables for any number of degrees of freedom, and in particular for low degrees of freedom where moments do not exist. The approximation is the method‐of‐moments solution to the analogous problem with truncated t‐variables. The approximation exists for all degrees of freedom, is very accurate for more than two degrees of freedom, and performs as well as other approximations of this form when they exist.