城市反贫困与贫困群体的能力建设

我国城市贫困问题日益突出,虽然国家的反贫困斗争取得了较大成就,但贫困人口数量依然不断增加,而且有劳动能力的贫困人口新增为城市贫困的主体。其原因在于目前的反贫困在理念上重视物质、收入等方面的救济,忽视贫困群体的能力建设和精神脱贫,在反贫困主体上缺乏整合,反贫困政策不成熟等。因此,应将贫困人口视作反贫困的主体,鼓励贫困群体在精神上脱贫,激发其就业意愿,增强贫困群体的就业能力,并努力创造就业机会,以此从根本上获得城市反贫困的胜利。     

中国城市贫困与反贫困问题研究述评

近年来中国城市贫困的严重程度日益受到学术界及政府的高度关注,文章首先从贫困的度量、当前城市贫困的规模、城市贫困群体的特征及城市贫困的原因等方面对学者们研究的主要观点进行了概述。在此基础上作者指出,现行的城镇反贫困机制尽管已具雏形,对缓解和消除城镇贫困现象发挥了非常重要的作用,但由于认识上的缺陷和相关制度的不完善,因而从总体上看还存在一些问题,有必要进行总结和反思。     

人口思想素质对家庭贫富的影响及其现实意义

本文探讨了发展经济学家关于人的思想观念影响经济增长和经济发展的一般路径，诠释了五种类型的农民典型落后思想素质导致农户家庭贫困的具体路径，并通过时中国反贫困的反思，得出“贫困者自身落后的思想素质乃贫困之总根源”的结论．提出“思想反贫困乃新时期反贫困之必然选择”的政策建议。     

新疆城镇贫困及反贫困研究

新疆目前的贫困是农村地区的贫困。随着改革开放事业的逐步深入,新疆城镇出现了大量的贫困群体,他们对新疆的社会稳定和经济发展的影响比较大,其消极影响不能忽视。造成新疆城镇贫困的主要原因是就业不足、市场机制不完善和城镇社会保障制度不健全等。为解决城镇贫困问题,我们必须以人为本,扩大就业,逐步完善社会保障制度,政策上采取各种优惠措施,尽量保证城镇贫困群体的根本利益。     

民族地区城镇贫困动态演化与经济增长益贫性研究

本文利用FGT贫困指数对2000-2011年民族地区城镇绝对贫困和相对贫困进行了测度．分析了民族地区城镇贫困的动态演化特征。并利用减贫的收入、分配弹性以及贫困指数的Shapley分解。研究了民族地区经济增长益贫性问题。结果表明,民族地区城镇绝对贫困持续缓解,但受收入分配格局变化的影响,相对贫困问题开始凸显。经济增长的减贫效率体现出较为显著的阶段性和外部冲击敏感性。在制定和实施同质性减贫政策的同时．应该凸显贫困人口内部的异质性。同时,构建对本地城镇贫困人口更为包容和稳健的经济发展方式是未来民族地区实现城镇减贫的关键。     

西部民族地区反贫困：绩效评估与未来取向

西部民族地区是我国贫困人口聚焦程度最高、贫困发生率最高、贫困强度指数最高、返贫率最高的地区。经过三十多年的反贫困实践,西部民族地区已经形成多元化的反贫困模式,并取得了良好的成效。新形势下,西部民族地区反贫困实战要在提高人口素质,强化反贫困能力;加快贫困地区经济发展,确保经济效益均衡分配;提高反贫困效率,保证反贫困成果;加快改革创新,寻求发展动力等几个方面寻找突破口。     

西部城市贫困与社会支持网缺失研究—以昆明为例

自20世纪90年代以来,城市贫困日益凸显并成为中国经济社会发展中的突出问题之一,西部地区更是如此。以昆明市为例,通过调查研究发现,社会支持网在西部城市反贫困中发挥着重要作用,但是西部城市贫困家庭社会支持网平均规模仅为2.33,远远小于全国9.1的平均水平。这表明西部城市贫困的产生与社会支持网缺失有着一定的联系。为此,构建完善的社会支持网成为西部地区城市反贫困的政策选择之一。     

农村反贫困：开发式扶贫与社会保护的协同推进

我国农村的扶贫实践活动取得了举世瞩目的好成绩,然而新时期中国的减贫战略却面临着理论与实践两个困境：贫困内涵的转变,农村反贫困实践难度越来越大,贫困率的下降日渐趋缓。为打好新一轮扶贫攻坚战,必须坚持开发式扶贫方针,加大投入力度,强化社会保护政策减贫效应,将开发式扶贫政策与社会保护政策有效衔接起来,联合建构协同推进,构建集“开发性、预防性、发展性”于一体的新型减贫战略体系,针对不同贫困群体充分发挥各自减贫优势,让贫困者摆脱贫困的同时,自身发展能力也有所提高。     

中国西部民族地区贫困问题研究

西部民族地区的贫困严重制约着西部地区的快速发展 ,减少贫困已经成为启动西部开发的首要动力 ,从根本上消除贫困则将成为检验和衡量西部开发成功与否的重要标准。西部民族地区是我国贫困人口的密集分布区 ,贫困面大 ,贫困度深 ,脱贫难度大 ,返贫率高。针对我国西部民族地区贫困的特殊性 ,在反贫困的战略选择上 ,一方面要进一步加强区域发展援助 ,即加快西部少数民族地区的经济开发进程 ,实现民族地区整体经济实力的增长和自我发展能力的提高。另一方面 ,反贫困战略的目标要瞄准西部民族地区的贫困人口 ,使贫困人口成为反贫困的直接受益者     

90年代中后期我国城镇贫困与反贫困问题探讨

从我国扶贫重点在农村地区和农村贫困迅速减轻，以及城镇贫困日趋严重而成为不容回避的社会问题入手，分析了目前我国城镇贫困人口的基本构成和形成贫困的多方成因，并依据城镇贫困形成的过程性和人群的低素质性两大基本特征，讨论了消除城镇贫困必须实现扶贫工作的三大转变和需要采取的战略措施     

浅谈适度贫困人口

贫困与发展是一个跨世纪跨国界的重大历史课题。要彻底消灭贫困非朝夕之功可成,客观地去面对贫困人口问题才是当前之要务。本文提出适度贫困人口理论,正是想从阐述贫困人口的发展历程及其存在的现实必然性,从另一个角度探讨贫困人口问题与经济发展的关系;概述测度贫困人口的方法,并探讨衡量适度贫困人口的方法。     

人口迁移如何影响农村贫困

人口迁移能消除农村贫困,但在某种情况下,也会加剧农村贫困。当迁移人口向农村的人均汇款大于迁移人口在农村的边际产出时,人口迁移将消除或改善农村贫困;相反,当迁移人口的人均汇款小于迁移人口在农村的边际产出时,人口迁移恶化农村贫困。当前中国农村的人口迁移在整体上是在消除农村贫困,但局部地区开始出现人口迁移恶化农村贫困的现象。     

Subjective Poverty and Its Relation to Objective Poverty Concepts in Hungary

The paper analyzes subjective poverty in Hungary and compares it to the objective poverty concepts. Subjective poverty is defined by examining who people consider to be poor. Based on the Easterlin paradox, the initial hypothesis states that subjective and absolute poverty concepts are highly correlated. Taking into account that Hungary is a developed country, subjective well-being is supposed to be associated not only with absolute, but also with relative deprivation. The methods of systematic data collection are used to collect data about the belief of the population. The paper concludes that low income level, Roma descent, entitlement to social supports and unemployment are the items thought to be most related to poverty by the informants. It proves that subjective poverty is a multidimensional concept. It also concludes that absolute and relative poverty thresholds coincide with the subjective one. It implies that increasing the absolute income level of individuals may not be enough to improve their subjective wellbeing as they are also concerned with their relative income position.     

New Evidence on the Urbanization of Global Poverty

One‐quarter of the world's consumption poor live in urban areas, and that proportion has been rising over time. Over 1993–2002, the count of the “$1 a day” poor fell by 150 million in rural areas but rose by 50 million in urban areas. The poor have been urbanizing even more rapidly than the population as a whole. By fostering economic growth, urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty in the aggregate. There are marked regional differences: Latin America has the most urbanized poverty problem, East Asia has the least; there has been a “ruralization” of poverty in Eastern Europe and Central Asia; in marked contrast to other regions, Africa's urbanization process has not been associated with falling overall poverty.     

Constructing Well-Being and Poverty Dimensions on Political Grounds

The paper addresses the problem of justifying ethically sound dimensions of poverty or well-being for use in a multidimensional framework. We combine Sen’s capability approach and Rawls’ method of political constructivism and argue that the constitution and its interpretative practice can serve as an ethically suitable informational basis for selecting dimensions, under certain conditions. We illustrate our Constitutional Approach by deriving a set of well-being dimensions from an analysis of the Italian Constitution. We argue that this method is both an improvement on those used in the existing literature from the ethical point of view, and has a strong potential for providing the ethical basis of a conception of well-being for the public affairs of a pluralist society. In the final part, we elaborate on the implications for measuring well-being based on data, by ranking Italian regions in terms of well-being, and pointing out the differences in results produced by different methods.     

我国贫困人口标准再探讨

近几年,通过对我国10余个贫困县的考察,笔者认为:农村贫困人口标准过低,仅相当于国际贫困线确定的最低贫困人口标准的1/5,相当其贫困标准的1/10;相当于我国监狱囚犯生活标准的1/4,相当于美国贫困人口标准的1/50。贫困人口难以完成在当时社会一般的、正常状况下劳动力的再生产。农村贫困人口从2亿多减少到2000多万,主要不是扶贫工作所致,而是到城镇打工。依据马克思劳动力价值学说的基本原理,抓紧调整提高农村贫困人口标准,改进扶贫工作机制,对我国的长治久安和建设和谐社会的大局有利。     

Exploring Differences in National and International Poverty Estimates: Is Uganda on Track to Halve Poverty by 2015?

This paper explores causes of differences in estimates of poverty incidence in Uganda since the early 1990s as measured by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank. While both sets of estimates from the two organisations show a declining trend in poverty incidence there are important differences in the levels of poverty, the speed of the decline and the direction of change in the early 2000s. Methodological differences linked to the determination of the poverty line and adjustments for household composition are found to play a role. Assessing the effect of other potential causes is complicated by limitations in the World Bank’s meta-data.     

Effect of Financial Inclusion on Poverty and Vulnerability to Poverty: Evidence Using a Multidimensional Measure of Financial Inclusion

This study examines the effect of financial inclusion on poverty and vulnerability to poverty of Ghanaian households. Using data extracted from the seventh round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey in 2016/17, a multiple correspondence analysis is employed to generate a financial inclusion index, and three-stage feasible least squares is used to estimate households’ vulnerability to poverty. Endogeneity associated with financial inclusion is resolved using distance to the nearest bank as an instrument in an instrumental variables probit technique. Results showed that while 23.4% of Ghanaians are considered poor, about 51% are vulnerable to poverty. We found that an increase in financial inclusion has two effects on household poverty. First, it is associated with a decline in a household’s likelihood of being poor by 27%. Second, it prevents a household’s exposure to future poverty by 28%. Female-headed households have a greater chance of experiencing a larger reduction in poverty and vulnerability to poverty through enhanced financial inclusion than do male-headed households. Furthermore, financial inclusion reduces poverty and vulnerability to poverty more in rural than in urban areas. Governments are encouraged to design or enhance policies that provide an enabling environment for the private sector to innovate and expand financial services to more distant places. Government investment in, and regulation of, the mobile money industry will be a necessary step to enhancing financial inclusion in developing countries.