日本五山"梦窗派"禅僧绝海中津在明经历浅析

本稿试以中国元末明初的“禅文化”1 对日本同时期的中期“五山文化时代”2 的汉文学即“五山汉文学”的影响为主线 ,以明初渡海至中国的日本禅僧绝海中津 (公元 1 3 3 6— 1 40 5年 )为主要分析对象。日本的中期“五山文化时代”按照一般的历史划分方式的话 ,相当于室町时代 (公元 1 3 3 6— 1 573年 )前期 ,即由武士阶段的足利氏将军家执政的幕府政治时期。当时日本文化所处的现状是 :渡海来日的中国禅僧及去中国的日本禅僧所引入的中国文化占据了日本文化中的重要位置。随着元代中日文化交流活动的兴盛 ,日本汉文学也渐渐圆熟 ,其中 ,起…     

日本来华五山僧侣与日本中世纪汉文学的繁荣

在日本长达1500多年的汉文学发展史上,江户时代以前来华的日本佛门弟子同日本汉文学的发展一直具有千丝万缕的联系。早在平安时代,入唐留学的真言宗僧人空海归国后,就曾以其驰名中日的力作《文镜秘府论》为日本古代汉文学的发展作出了重要的贡献。至鎌仓、室町时代,来华游学的五山僧侣踵继前朝方袍圆胪的文化使者们的步武,为日本中世纪汉文学的繁荣进一步立下了不朽的功绩。     

日本古代汉诗初探

日本汉诗是用中国汉民族文学语言和传统诗歌创作形式表达日本诗人思想感情的诗歌作品。它是日本汉文学艺术宝库中最主要和最有价值的文学珍品。日本汉诗,跟至今活跃于日本书坛的汉诗文书法一样,昭示了借助中国艺术语言表现日本艺术家审美理想的可能性。这个特殊的文化现象,在中日文化交流史上有着重要的研究价值。如果抛弃“淮北生枳”的陈见,从比较学的角度进一步研究和正确评价日本汉诗,对了解日本汉文学,研究诗歌创作心理学,甚至更深刻地理解中国古代诗家作品,无疑也具有重要的意义。所以,本文拟从不同的发展时期对日本古代汉诗作一初步的研究。     

日本狂诗创作的三次高潮——从东亚汉文学史的发展角度着眼

狂诗作为一种特殊的汉诗创作,在日本近世诗坛上有着突出的表现.江户明治时期狂诗的盛行,印证了汉诗扎根在不同民族文化的土壤中,其形式及表现内容都可以因时因地因人而异,从而演绎出汉诗风格样式的丰富多样性.在长期接受中国文化熏陶的过程中,日本汉诗人不仅创造出了传统形式的日本汉诗,而且还在努力探求汉诗与日本俗体诗的结合之途.日本狂诗表现出了鲜明的艺术特色,其成功的主要原因来自于滑稽和俚俗两大要素的巧妙融合.日本狂诗的演变过程中出现过三次创作高潮期,对市民社会产生了巨大的影响,形成了近世日本汉诗的一大新变,对近代东亚汉诗发展贡献独特.     

日本当代汉诗概况及课题

以石川忠久为中心的全日本汉诗联盟之成立,实现了日本当代汉诗界力量的总集结.为今后的发展提供了基础.日本的当代汉诗多表现追慕传统的风雅情调,在创作上存在内容题材陈旧、语言依赖日语训读、知识背景狭窄以及体裁单一等欠缺,同时面临在年轻人中的推广及培养人才的课题.扩大同中国诗词界的交流,是帮助日本汉诗获得发展提高的一个重要途径.     

东渡日本的宋元僧侣及其在日本文学史上的贡献

在中日文化交流史上,中国的佛教僧侣作为传播汉文化的使者,发挥了极为重要的作用.早在唐玄宗天宝十三年(754),著名高僧鉴真师徒二十四人就抵达了日本。他们一行不仅对日本佛教的繁荣作出了巨大的贡献,而且对日本汉文学的发展也产生过一些影响.其后宋元两代,又有不少中国僧人踏着鉴真一行的足迹飘洋过海,东渡扶桑。他们对日本佛教的繁荣所做出的贡献并不亚于鉴真一行,而对日本汉文学的发展所起的作用则更远在鉴真一行之上。     

五山僧绝海中津与日本中世禅林文学

五山僧绝海中津是日本中世禅林文学即"五山文学"的代表人物.绝海中津的诗文集<蕉坚稿>中汉诗的体裁,在明留学时期以律诗为主,回国后住持官寺时期以绝句为主.绝海诗的体裁变化反映了这一时期中日文坛的不同倾向.绝海入明留学期间,师从大慧派高僧季潭宗泐.回国后.将明风禅以及笑隐大诉的"蒲室疏法"传入日本,确定了日本禅林四六文的写作模式.绝海中津及其法系是日本中世禅林文学的重要组成部分.     

日本汉诗及其汉魂

日本汉诗是中日文化交流的结晶。作为日本文化的重要组成部分 ,日本汉诗迄今已有 130 0多年的历史。梳理和廓清这一历史 ,以凸现日本民族对汉文化独特的接受和创发很有必要     

从日本汉诗看中日文化交流

从日本汉诗看中日文化交流袁忠鑫“汉诗”作为中日文化交流的第一个使者走向东邻三岛。所谓日本汉诗，就是日本人用汉语和中国旧体诗的形式创作的诗歌。它是中日文化交流的文化纽带。从文学角度看，汉诗是中日两国文学的交融。两个国家、两个民族同用一种文学形式，这在世...     

摆渡者祭

鲁迅先生曾叹而谓曰：“亲戚或余悲，他人亦已歌，死去何所道，托体同山阿！”何为渡者？渡人亦渡己。那渡人渡的是生人，渡己却是融入了山河。今庚丑年清明时为文奠，告渡者之灵：     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).