波纹不锈钢管材在燃气工程中的应用

通过介绍美国某公寓燃气改造工程,推荐一种新型的燃气工程管材波纹不锈钢管。     

外国人眼里的中餐

从广受欢迎的菜肴到富有本土特色的奇特的佐料，中餐作为一种历史悠久的食文化而享誉全球，世界各地的人们慕名而来，亲身体会中餐的佳妙之处。     

互换性判定指数的计算方法

介绍借电算化方法计算不同组分混合燃气的美国燃气协会(A.G.A.)互换性判定指数,以代替手工计算。     

液化石油气掺混空气替代天然气的燃气器具适配性研究

为了解决天然气用气高峰的调峰和意外事故时的供气问题,该文在分析上海现有天然气气质的基础上,配制不同比例的液化石油气混空气的掺混气,并对其进行气质分析及对掺混气的燃气器具进行适配性试验,最终得出商用丙烷气与空气按65:35的比例配制的掺混气作为天然气的补充气源是可行的并适用于上海现有的燃气器具之结论。     

对燃气行业市场化改革的思考

在分析哈尔滨市燃气行业现状的基础上,提出对其实行市场化改革的设想——实行特许经营制度,通过对燃气企业实行股份制改造,提高运营管理效率,扩大投资渠道,从而达到经济效益与社会效益相统一的目的。     

异径穿管技术在燃气管道改造中的应用

该文介绍了利用水平定向钻机在原有铸铁管道中穿插直径较小PE管的燃气旧管改造技术及工程实践。     

民用燃气发展的瓶颈与突破之思考

从上海市南地区民用燃气应用现状出发，分析目前发展中存在的问题，并以小型燃气空调、燃气壁挂炉、燃气干衣机等燃气新设备为例，探讨民用燃气市场的发展空间，指出应该积极推广新型民用燃气设备并在燃气设计中予以配套，以提高单户居民的用气量。     

简便型燃气器具全检设备的开发与应用

介绍了简便型燃气器具全检设备的两大基本功能——连续空混气配气和用空气流量测算燃烧器额定热流量,及该设备的应用及效果。     

天然气掺混人工燃气对燃具运行工况的影响

天然气掺混人工燃气使热值从15.9MJ/Nm~3增加到20.1MJ/Nm~3,因而拓宽气源和提高气化率。文中对家用灶和热水器、营事团燃具、工业用燃烧器的运行工况作了分析,并得出6点有关结论。     

人生一二三

一个人孤单，两个人孤寂，三个人孤独。每个人皆孤零零地流落在尘埃与无色空气混合的世界。我们都是孤儿。一，二，三，涵盖了人生的全部意义。     

Soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide in urban garden systems: impact of irrigation,fertiliser and mulch

Urban green spaces provide important ecosystem services, such as amenity, biodiversity, productivity, climate amelioration, hydrological and biogeochemical cycling. Intensively managed urban gardens can sequester carbon through vegetation growth and soil C increase, but may experience nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and reduced soil methane (CH₄) uptake from irrigation and fertiliser use. Soil atmosphere exchange of N₂O, CH₄ and carbon dioxide (CO₂) was measured in lawn and wood chip mulched garden areas in Melbourne, Australia in winter, spring and summer under various water and fertiliser regimes. Gas exchange before and after lawn fertiliser application was measured continuously for three weeks using an automated chamber system. Applying fertiliser led to a peak N₂O emission of >60 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, but overall only weekly irrigation (10 mm) significantly increased mean soil N₂O emissions above that in other treatments. Under mulch, mean soil N₂O emissions (14.0 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹) were significantly smaller than from irrigated lawn (27.9 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹), whereas mean soil CH₄ uptake under mulch (−30.7 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹) was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than in any lawn treatment. Lawns were either a weak CH₄ sink or source. Soil C density (0–25 cm) under mulch (12.5 kg C m⁻²) was greater that under lawn (8.0 kg C m⁻²). On a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-e) basis, soil N₂O emissions offset the benefits of soil CH₄ uptake. Mulched garden areas provide greatest C sequestration potential in soil and vegetation and the smallest non-CO₂ emissions, as soil CH₄ uptake offsets a large fraction of soil N₂O emissions. Results of this study suggest that reducing the irrigation and fertiliser application to lawns can help mitigate GHG emissions from urban garden systems, and increasing the area of mulched perennial garden beds can also provide net GHG benefits; however, this needs to be tested in other garden systems with different soil types and environmental conditions.     

Establishing turf grass increases soil greenhouse gas emissions in peri-urban environments

Urbanization is becoming increasingly important in terms of climate change and ecosystem functionality worldwide. We are only beginning to understand how the processes of urbanization influence ecosystem dynamics and how peri-urban environments contribute to climate change. Brisbane in South East Queensland (SEQ) currently has the most extensive urban sprawl of all Australian cities. This leads to substantial land use changes in urban and peri-urban environments and the subsequent gaseous emissions from soils are to date neglected for IPCC climate change estimations. This research examines how land use change effects methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes from peri-urban soils and consequently influences the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of rural ecosystems in agricultural use undergoing urbanization. Therefore, manual and fully automated static chamber measurements determined soil gas fluxes over a full year and an intensive sampling campaign of 80 days after land use change. Turf grass, as the major peri-urban land cover, increased the GWP by 415 kg CO₂-e ha^?1 over the first 80 days after conversion from a well-established pasture. This results principally from increased daily average N₂O emissions of 0.5 g N₂O ha^?1 d^?1 from the pasture to 18.3 g N₂O ha^?1 d^?1 from the turf grass due to fertilizer application during conversion. Compared to the native dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest, turf grass establishment increases the GWP by another 30 kg CO₂-e ha^?1. The results presented in this study clearly indicate the substantial impact of urbanization on soil-atmosphere gas exchange in form of non-CO₂ greenhouse gas emissions particularly after turf grass establishment.     

上海工业节能减排结构研究

对上海33个工业行业能源消耗、二氧化碳排放结构变化因素的研究发现:1.上海工业能耗和碳排放主要集中在石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业、化学原料及化学制品制造业和黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业。2.化学原料及化学制品制造业是上海工业能耗、碳排放的重点行业,从变化因素分析,能源消耗、碳排放强度的增长是能耗上升、碳排放增加的最主要因素。黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业对节能减排的贡献度最显著,从变化因素分析,能源消耗、碳排放强度的变化是推进节能减排的主要因素。3.化学原料及化学制品制造业和黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业可以通过内部产品结构的调整和升级赢得持续发展的空间,但是石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业的发展需要对企业结构的区域布局。     

A design for a relational database for the calculation and storage of greenhouse gas emissions

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has published guidelines for the development of national greenhouse gas-emissions inventories and recommendations for collecting data necessary to calculate greenhouse gas emissions. Many regional and local jurisdictions will be performing inventories of greenhouse gas emissions and estimating the benefits of mitigation strategies to reduce emissions. This article advocates the development of relational databases to calculate and store emissions estimates based on IPCC guidelines and quantities of precursors of greenhouse gases. Specific examples of tables and queries are used to illustrate calculation methods and formulae, the choice of database keys, and the choice of methods for joining tables to construct queries.     

Urban high-resolution fossil fuel CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions quantification and exploration of emission drivers for potential policy applications

Fossil fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO₂) emissions are the largest driver of anthropogenic climate change. Approximately three-quarters of the world’s fossil fuels carbon dioxide emissions are generated in urban areas. We used the Hestia high resolution approach to quantify FFCO₂ for Salt Lake County, Utah, USA and demonstrate the importance of high resolution quantification to urban emissions mitigation policymaking. We focus on the residential and onroad sectors across both urbanized and urbanizing parts of the valley. Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) regression models using sociodemographic data at the census block group level shows that population, per capita income, and building age exhibit positive relationships while household size shows a negative relationship with FFCO₂ emissions. Compact development shows little effect on FFCO₂ emissions in this domain. FFCO₂ emissions in high income block groups is twice as sensitive to income than low income block groups. Emissions are four times as sensitive to household size in low-income versus high-income block groups. These results suggest that policy options targeting personal responsibility or knowledge feedback loops may be the most effective strategies. Examples include utility bill performance comparison or publicly available energy maps identifying high-emitting areas. Within the onroad sector, high emissions density (FFCO₂/km) is associated with primary roads, while high emissions intensity (FFCO₂/VMT) is associated with secondary roads. Opportunities exist for alignment of public transportation extension with remaining high emission road segments, offering a prioritization of new onroad transportation policy in Salt Lake County.     

Profiting in a Warming World: Investigating the Link Between Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Capitalist Profitability in OECD States

Economic growth is a key contributor to climate change, but undergirding growth is capitalist profitability. In this article, I refine this long‐standing relationship between growth and emissions by estimating if the profit rate and the “exploitation rate” (surplus profits / wages and salaries) predict greenhouse gas emissions. I do so in a sample of advanced capitalist economies from 1995 to 2016 with profitability data on four industries (agriculture, manufacturing/construction, energy, and transportation) as well as greenhouse gas emissions data for both those industries and emissions at the national level. Methodologically, I use two‐way fixed effects models and panel‐corrected standard errors. My results show that the total profit and exploitation rates are positively associated with emissions. Exploitation in the transportation and manufacturing/construction sectors, moreover, is also positively associated with emissions. This article provides empirical support for those in environmental sociology claiming that capitalist profitability is a key driver of climate change and ecological change is inseparable from unequal social relations.     

The Advantage of Activity-based Modelling for Air-quality Purposes: Theory vs Practice and Future Needs

Activity-based modelling treats travel demand as derived from the demand for activities. This approach has important advantages for emissions and air-quality analyses. An ideal activity-based model will describe the chain of activities in which each person in the household is involved during the day. The information on an activity includes the location, start and end times, mode of travel and travel time. Such a model, together with a traffic micro-simulation application, can provide perhaps the best information needed for an analysis and evaluation of emissions and air-quality benefits of transportation control measures. The article describes the advantages of activity-based modelling for emissions and air-quality analysis and evaluates the feasibility of practical applications to provide this type of benefits. The first application of an activity-based model in the USA is examined. Its advantages for emissions and air-quality analyses are evaluated against the traditional four-step model and with ideal activity based models.     

International Nongovernmental Organizations and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Developing World: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis

This quantitative, cross-national study is designed to test hypotheses linking the activities of international nongovernmental organizations to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions in the developing world. While many quantitative studies of variation in carbon dioxide emissions have been published, none have included a control for the presence of international nongovernmental organizations. We review the literature that discusses the many ways that international nongovernmental organizations work to reduce environmental degradation in developing nations. We then conduct a panel regression analysis in which we include a variable to estimate the effects of international nongovernmental organizations on carbon dioxide emissions while including variables suggested by other relevant theoretical perspectives. Our findings are quite clear in that nations with high levels of international nongovernmental organization presence have lower levels of carbon dioxide emissions than nations with low levels of international nongovernmental organization presence. We also find support for the ecological modernization hypothesis pertaining to the existence of an environmental Kuznet's curve between the level of economic development and level of carbon dioxide emissions.     

CARBON GEOGRAPHY: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT FOR LEGISLATION INTENDED TO MITIGATE GREENHOUSE GAS PRODUCTION

Over the last 5 years, the U.S. Congress has voted on several pieces of legislation intended to sharply reduce the nation's greenhouse gas emissions. Given that climate change is a world public bad, standard economic logic would predict that the United States would “free ride” and wait for other nations to reduce their emissions. Within the Congress, there are clear patterns to who votes in favor of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a political economy analysis of the determinants of “pro‐green” votes on such legislation. Conservatives consistently vote against such legislation. Controlling for a representative's ideology, representatives from richer districts and districts with a lower per‐capita carbon dioxide footprint are more likely to vote in favor of climate change mitigation legislation. Representatives from districts where industrial emissions represent a larger share of greenhouse gas emissions are more likely to vote no. (JEL Q54, Q58, R50)     

Bringing the Polluters Back In: Environmental Inequality and the Organization of Chemical Production

Environmental justice scholars have suggested that because chemical plants and other hazardous facilities emit more pollutants where they face the least resistance, disadvantaged communities face a special health risk. In trying to determine whether race or income has the bigger impact on a neighborhood's exposure to pollution, however, scholars tend to overlook the facilities themselves and the effect of their characteristics on emissions. In particular, how do the characteristics of facilities and their surrounding communities jointly shape pollution outcomes? We propose a new line of environmental justice research that focuses on facilities and how their features combine with communities' features to create dangerous emissions. Using novel fuzzy-set analysis techniques and the EPA's newly developed Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators, we test the influence of facility and community factors on chemical plants' health-threatening emissions. Contrary to the idea that community characteristics have singular, linear effects, findings show that facility and community factors combine in a variety of ways to produce risky emissions. We speculate that as chemical firms experiment with different ways of producing goods and externalizing pollution costs, new "recipes of risk" are likely to emerge. The question, then, will no longer be whether race or income matters most, but in which of these recipes do they matter and how.