创业的性别差异研究——同群效应的视角

优化劳动力市场的性别结构对中国经济转型和可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2010—2020年CFPS六期的追踪调查数据研究创业的性别差异问题,结果显示,中国男性创业比例持续高于女性,但这一差异逐期收敛。应用广义倾向得分匹配(GPSM)和工具变量法控制同群效应的“反射”问题。分析认为,同群效应不仅对创业活动存在显著的正向效应,而且对男性和女性的影响是不同的。从不同世代的角度来看,同群效应对个人创业行为存在代际传递效应和性别趋同性,女性创业受到母亲行为的影响更大,男性创业受到父亲行为的影响更大;从同世代的角度来看,女性创业主要受到同群女性创业行为的影响,男性创业主要受到同群男性创业行为的影响,且同群效应对女性创业的影响大于男性;同群效应对个体创业概率的影响呈现先递增后递减的非线性特征,因此,同群效应对创业活动的正向作用是短期的。异质性分析表明,在生存型创业中,同群效应对女性创业的影响显著大于男性,在机会型创业中没有显著的性别差异;男性主导型行业中,同群效应对女性创业的影响显著大于男性,而女性主导型行业中,创业的同群效应没有显著的性别差异。在控制了人口流动导致的自选择问题后,研究结论仍然是稳健的...     

中老年人生活自理能力的性别差异之谜

中老年人的身体功能障碍发生率存在显著的性别差异,即女性比男性患生活自理能力损伤的比例更大.文章从家庭人力资本投资的性别差异视角解释中老年人生活自理能力的性别差异之谜.在普遍的“儿子偏好”下,家庭教育投资向男孩倾斜,使得女性获得的教育少于男性.由于教育能够起到缓解中老年时期认知老化的作用,而认知状况的退化将增加患身体功能障碍的可能性,性别间的教育差异最终导致中老年群体在生活自理能力上的性别差异.文章基于CHARLS基线调查数据证实了上述假说,并且发现认知状况,尤其是认知中的固化智力部分,对于降低生活自理能力损伤具有重作用.女性教育水平的大幅度提升,有助于实现不同性别中老年人的健康平等.     

同性相斥还是异性相吸:基于性别视角的同胞关系研究

同胞关系是个体一生中维持最长久的人际关系,既有合作支持,也有竞争冲突.性别影响个体的身心发展和社会化发展、父母的生育意愿和养育方式、以及同胞间的相互认知和交流互动.本文对性别差异与同胞关系的国外相关研究进行梳理,分析性别差异、性别组合与同胞关系之间的相互关联,并对未来的研究方向进行展望.     

高等教育与女性婚配:基于年龄、时期和队列的视角

本文基于2010年第三期中国妇女社会地位调查数据,利用APC交叉分类随机效应模型,以已婚女性为研究对象,分解出高等学历对女性教育婚配的年龄、时期和队列作用,以把握三方面时间维度的变化趋势。实证结果显示高等学历的年龄与时期作用显著,队列效应不明显。初婚年龄对高等学历女性的教育婚配年限差始终呈正向影响,34岁左右是教育婚配差由负变正的转折点;初婚年龄对非高等学历女性的影响则表现为U型分布。高等学历女性的夫妻教育年限差随着初婚年龄的上升而变大,且增幅大于非高等学历女性,可见推迟结婚的高等学历女性未必嫁得不好。此外,两类女性在20世纪80年代之后都展现出同质婚发展趋势,高等学历男性资源并没有被非高等学历女性占有,高等学历女性的教育婚配质量保持在较高水平且有上升的倾向。但是,两类女性的教育婚配经历的时期作用阶段明显不同:高等学历女性教育婚配的时期效应呈U型变化趋势,经历了"正—负—负—正"四个阶段;而非高等学历女性的时期效应单调下降,在1980年之后作用效果由正向变为负向。国内社会需要给高等学历女性一个相对宽松的环境,社会大众应该用长远的眼光看待婚恋问题,而高等学历女性自身也需要树立正确的婚恋观,全面综合地衡量结婚对象,适时进行婚配。     

年龄、时期和队列视角下中国女性的终身人工流产水平——基于1930~1969年出生队列女性的分析北大核心

关于人工流产的研究大多从时期视角展开,缺乏生命历程视角的分析。基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2014年生命历程调查数据中1930~1969年出生队列女性的终身怀孕信息展开分析,采用APC分层混合效应模型分离出影响女性终身人工流产水平的时期、队列和年龄效应。研究发现,在时期效应上,中国女性的人工流产水平呈现出波动性特征,生育政策调整和生殖健康服务发展对其有重要影响;在队列效应上,人工流产的数量选择机制和性别选择机制在不同出生队列的女性中产生分化;在年龄效应上,不同时期和不同出生队列女性的人工流产年龄模式表现出差异性和规律性。建议继续完善生殖健康服务,减少非意愿怀孕,促进性别平等,重点关注经历过人工流产的中老年女性的健康状况并提供相应支持。     

性别差异对女性地位的影响

本文要探讨的主要内容是关于性别差异对妇女地位的传递式影响作用。笔者认为性别差异是妇女地位的源，而妇女参与社会活动所占据的位置是流。因此性别差异对妇女地位的影响，可以概括为源与流的关系；这就是说，源派生流，流又反作用于源。这种传递的中介因素包括教育、就业、婚姻与家庭等众多方面。这种传递的结果，呈现出由于性别不同，因而在社会中占据的地位也不同。我们探讨性别差异的目的，是为在社会中处于劣势地位的女性，求得同等的发展机会。1性别差异的理论分析综观世界各国的妇女发展过程，性别差异象是一座无形的屏障，似乎所…     

个体教育获得的“末孩”与“首孩”效应——基于CFPS数据的实证分析

多子女家庭内，家庭内部教育资源普遍存在着分配不平等的现象。利用2010年和2018年中国家庭追踪调查的匹配数据，本文研究了我国多子女家庭中教育获得的“首孩效应”和“末孩效应”。结果显示：（1）末孩的受教育年限比其他排行的同胞高0.883年，存在显著的“末孩优势”效应；（2）首孩的受教育年限比其他排行的同胞低0.535年，但仅在非农业户口群体中存在显著的“首孩劣势”效应；（3）“首孩劣势”与“末孩优势”存在世代差异，该效应在1978年后出生的个体中具有显著性，而在1978年以前出生个体中不显著；（4）分位数回归表明，个体教育获得的“末孩优势”只在较低教育阶段显著，在较高教育阶段不显著，可能是因为在较高教育阶段禀赋效应抵消了排行效应。政策设计时，应加大对多孩家庭的外部教育资源支持力度、提高养育教育成本补偿的精确性，进而缓解家庭教育资源约束、优化家庭内部教育资源分配。     

养老金性别差异影响因素分析——以上海城镇“老人”为例

为了了解养老金性别差异的影响因素及各因素的影响程度,通过对2003年上海市老年人口状况与意愿跟踪调查原始数据的多元线性回归分析,本研究发现：．女性城镇“老人”在受教育年限、退休年龄和退休前职业等方面较男性城镇“老人”均处于劣势：不同特征女性城镇“老人”养老金整体上低于男性城镇“老人”：退休年龄和受教育年限对养老金的性别差异有较强的解释力;退休年份越晚,养老金的性别差异由退休年龄和受教育年限解释的比重越高。     

区域经济环境对工资性别差异的影响——基于多层模型的分析途径

本文建立了中国城镇居民工资方程的多层模型,并提出了相应的工资差异分解方法,用于分析区域经济环境对工资性别差异的影响。结果表明,在所有地区劳动力市场中,均存在明显的工资性别差异。虽然地区市场化水平的提高有助于个体工资水平的提升,但却导致工资性别差异的扩大;尽管地区失业率的上升将对个体工资获得产生不利影响,但却导致工资性别差异的缩小。市场化程度越高的地区,工资性别歧视越严重。因此,在市场化进程中,政府在努力发展教育和扩大就业的同时,应致力于实施公平的工资分配制度,将有助于缓解针对女性的工资歧视,进而有助于工资性别差异的缩小。     

教育对女性主观阶层认同的影响及中介效应分析

本文基于中国综合社会调查（CGSS）2018年数据,应用多元线性回归模型分析教育对女性主观阶层认同的影响并进行稳健性检验,在此基础上进行异质性分析及中介效应分析。研究发现：我国女性受教育程度不断提高但略低于男性,女性受教育程度存在明显的年龄差异和户籍差异;女性主观阶层认同水平良好且随着教育程度的提高而不断提高。教育对女性主观阶层认同产生显著影响,用社会经济地位替代主观阶层认同进行的稳健性检验同样显著。教育对女性主观阶层认同的影响存在户籍的异质性,主要表现为小学和研究生及以上学历对农业户口女性主观阶层认同的影响不显著。中介效应分析表明收入在教育与主观阶层认同的关系中产生显著的中介效应且在不同教育程度的中介效应中表现不一致;当教育程度较低时,收入是完全中介效应,教育通过收入水平的提高影响主观阶层认同;当教育程度较高时,收入产生部分中介效应,教育既会直接影响主观阶层认同,也会通过收入水平提高间接影响主观阶层认同,其中高中学历的间接效应大于直接效应,大学及以上学历的直接效应大于间接效应。建议不断提高女性受教育程度,推进性别平等和女性社会参与,缩小城乡教育差距和男女收入差距,进一步提高女性主观阶...     

Sibship size and educational attainment. A joint test of the Confluence Model and the Resource Dilution Hypothesis

Studies on family background often explain the negative effect of sibship size on educational attainment by one of two theories: the Confluence Model (CM) or the Resource Dilution Hypothesis (RDH). However, as both theories - for substantively different reasons - predict that sibship size should have a negative effect on educational attainment most studies cannot distinguish empirically between the CM and the RDH. In this paper, I use the different theoretical predictions in the CM and RDH on the role of cognitive ability as a partial or complete mediator of the effect of sibship size to distinguish the two theories and to identify a unique RDH effect on educational attainment. Using sibling data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) and a random effect Instrumental Variable model I find that, in addition to a negative effect on cognitive ability, sibship size also has a strong negative effect on educational attainment which is uniquely explained by the RDH.     

The Effects of Grandparents on Children’s Schooling: Evidence From Rural China

The issue of whether the social class of grandparents affects grandchildren’s socioeconomic outcomes net of the characteristics of the middle generation is much debated in the social mobility literature. Using data from the 2002 Chinese Household Income Project, we investigate the direct effects of grandparents on grandchildren’s educational attainment in rural China. We find that the influence of grandparents is contingent on living arrangements. Although the educational level of coresident grandparents directly affects the educational attainment of their grandchildren, with an effect size similar to that of parental education, the education of noncoresident and deceased grandparents does not have any effect. These findings suggest that grandparents can directly affect grandchildren’s educational outcomes through sociopsychological pathways. Our study not only adds an important case study to the literature but also sheds new light on theoretical interpretations of grandparent effects when they are found.     

Sharing the wealth: The effect of siblings on adults’ wealth ownership

Inequality in wealth has been well-documented, but its causes remain uncertain. Family processes in childhood are likely to shape adults' wealth accumulation, but these factors have attracted little attention. I argue that family size matters: children from larger families accumulate less wealth than do those from smaller families. Siblings dilute parents' finite financial resources and nonmaterial resources, such as time. This diminishment of resources reduces educational attainment, inter vivos transfers, and inheritance. Reduced educational attainment and transfers alter financial behavior; saving; and, ultimately, adults' wealth. I demonstrate that sibship size is associated with lower overall wealth in adulthood and that parents' resources and education, respondent's education, financial transfers, and financial behavior all mitigate the effect of siblings. Sibship size also reduces the likelihood of receiving a trust account or an inheritance and decreases home- and stock ownership. The findings provide important insights into early family processes that shape wealth accumulation and inequality.     

Prenatal Health,Educational Attainment,and Intergenerational Inequality: The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study

In this article, we study the effects of prenatal health on educational attainment and on the reproduction of family background inequalities in education. Using Finnish birth cohort data, we analyze several maternal and fetal health variables, many of which have not been featured in the literature on long-term socioeconomic effects of health despite the effects of these variables on birth and short-term health outcomes. We find strong negative effects of mother’s prenatal smoking on educational attainment, which are stronger if the mother smoked heavily but are not significant if she quit during the first trimester. Anemia during pregnancy is also associated with lower levels of attained education. Other indicators of prenatal health (pre-pregnancy obesity, mother’s antenatal depressed mood, hypertension and preeclampsia, early prenatal care visits, premature birth, and small size for gestational age) do not predict educational attainment. Our measures explain little of the educational inequalities by parents’ class or education. However, smoking explains 12%—and all health variables together, 19%—of the lower educational attainment of children born to unmarried mothers. Our findings point to the usefulness of proximate health measures in addition to general ones. They also point to the potentially important role played by early health in intergenerational processes.     

Family size and educational attainment in England and Wales

In this paper, we use linked census data from England and Wales to investigate whether having a large number of siblings leads to lower educational attainment. There is a large literature suggesting that with large sibship size, parental resources will be diluted and this, in turn, will lead to lower educational attainment. Using twin births and the sex composition of the sibling group as instrumental variables, we find that the evidence of a family size effect on educational attainment is rather uncertain. Similar results are obtained when we use occupational attainment as the dependent variable. We also demonstrate the confounding of birth order and family size effects, and show that an adjusted birth order index proposed by Booth and Kee provides an effective solution to this estimation problem.     

Demography,Education, and Democracy: Global Trends and the Case of Iran

Reconstructions and projections of populations by age, sex, and educational attainment for 120 countries since 1970 are used to assess the global relationship between improvements in human capital and democracy. Democracy is measured by the Freedom House indicator of political rights. Similar to an earlier study on the effects of improving educational attainment on economic growth, the greater age detail of this new dataset resolves earlier ambiguities about the effect of improving education as assessed using a global set of national time series. The results show consistently strong effects of improving overall levels of educational attainment, of a narrowing gender gap in education, and of fertility declines and the subsequent changes in age structure on improvements in the democracy indicator. This global relationship is then applied to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Over the past two decades Iran has experienced the world's most rapid fertility decline associated with massive increases in female education. The results show that based on the experience of 120 countries since 1970, Iran has a high chance of significant movement toward more democracy over the following two decades.     

母亲受教育水平对儿童健康的影响及其路径

母亲的受教育水平对儿童的健康发展具有重要影响,但鲜有研究针对其影响路径进行深入分析。本文基于1991-2015年中国营养与健康调查数据,利用母亲的兄弟姐妹个数作为母亲受教育水平的工具变量,采用两阶段最小二乘法(2SLS),探讨了母亲受教育水平对儿童健康的影响及其路径。研究表明,母亲受教育水平每提高1年,儿童的年龄别身高Z评分和年龄别体重Z评分分别平均显著提高0.129和0.14个标准差,具体来说,5岁儿童身高和体重对应是提高约0.6厘米和0.3千克。使用九年义务教育的实施作为母亲受教育水平的工具变量时,结果仍然稳健。影响路径的研究结果说明,母亲的受教育水平可通过提高其膳食知识水平和家庭资产指数来影响其儿童的健康发展。进一步的异质性分析发现,农村母亲受教育水平对家庭资产指数和儿童健康的影响显著大于城市,但对膳食知识水平的影响不存在城乡差异。基于以上分析,提高女性的教育投入,尤其是农村女性的教育投入可以显著改善儿童的健康状况。     

The Black Gender Gap in Educational Attainment: Historical Trends and Racial Comparisons

It is often asserted that the gender gap in educational attainment is larger for blacks than whites, but historical trends comparing the black and white gender gap have received surprisingly little attention. Analysis of historical data from the U.S. census IPUMS samples shows that the gender gap in college completion has evolved differently for whites and blacks. Historically, the female advantage in educational attainment among blacks is linked to more favorable labor market opportunities and stronger incentives for employment for educated black women. Blacks, particularly black males, still lag far behind whites in their rates of college completion, but the striking educational gains of white women have caused the racial patterns of gender differences in college completion rates to grow more similar over time. While some have linked the disadvantaged position of black males to their high risk of incarceration, our estimates suggest that incarceration has a relatively small impact on the black gender gap and the racial gap in college completion rates for males in the United States.     

Education,religion, and voter preference in a Muslim country

Using a unique survey of adults in Turkey, we find that an increase in educational attainment, due to an exogenous secular education reform, decreased women’s propensity to identify themselves as religious, lowered their tendency to wear a religious head cover (head scarf, turban, or burka) and increased the tendency for modernity. We also find that education has a negative impact on women’s propensity to vote for Islamic parties. The effect of female education on religiosity is driven by those who reside in urban areas. There is no statistically significant impact of education on male religiosity and tendency to vote for Islamic parties. Increased education does not influence the propensity to cast a vote in national elections for either men or women.