东部不同规模城市流动人口的主观幸福感及其影响因素

基于2012年东部十省市流动人口动态监测调查数据,文章采用序次 Logistic 回归模型,对比分析了东部不同规模城市流动人口的主观幸福感及其影响因素。研究发现：东部不同规模城市流动人口的主观幸福感有着较为明显的地区差异,流动人口主观幸福感与城市规模之间存在倒 U 型关系。影响不同规模城市流动人口主观幸福感的因素不尽相同,但总体而言,影响超大城市流动人口主观幸福感的因素远远多于Ⅰ型小城市,住房性质成为经济因素中影响不同规模城市流动人口主观幸福感最为突出且普遍的因素,而社会因素对于不同规模城市流动人口主观幸福感的影响作用要大于经济因素。最后,提供了相关政策启示。     

不同流入地青年流动人口的社会支持与生活满意度

了解不同流入地的青年流动人口社会支持与生活满意度的相关性,为建立稳固的社会支持系统和提升青年流动人口的生活满意度水平提供理论基础.文章根据2015年3～5月对北京、上海和深圳年龄介于18～35岁青年流动人口的调查,对符合条件的2998名研究对象进行了分析.结果表明,不同流入地的青年流动人口生活满意度水平存在差异(P＜0.001),北京地区的青年流动人口生活满意度最高,深圳最低;不同流入地青年流动人口的社会支持对其生活满意度均有正向影响(P＜0.001);不同流动类型、教育程度、经济融入状况、健康状况的青年流动人口,其生活满意度水平存在差异(P＜0.05).政府部门应协同合作,结合属地情况,提供有效的社会支持,提高其生活满意度水平.     

农村老年人生活质量主观评价分析

本文对两类不同地区农村老人生活质量的主观评价进行了对比分析，研究表明：农村老年人对家庭和睦状况和个人日常生活功能评价较高，对经济收入、营养状况和生活满意度则评价较低；生活质量在客观和主观方面存在着分离和非正相关的现象，其产生原因是多方面的；文化程度和所比较样本均质性的高低会影响生活质量的主观评价     

中国两代流动人口子女随迁决策的比较研究

新生代流动人口已成为我国流动人口的主力军,且新、老两代流动人口已呈现出明显的代际分化和差异。为探究我国新、老两代流动人口在子女随迁决策过程中是否存在差异、差异如何以及具体的差异机制,文章使用2013年"流动人口动态监测八城市"数据以及二分Logit回归模型对我国流动人口子女随迁决策的代际差异进行对比研究。研究发现新生代流动人口比老一代流动人口安排其3-12岁子女随迁的可能性低,且新、老两代流动人口的3-12岁子女随迁决策过程确实存在差异。二者差异主要体现在"子女年龄"、"家庭本地月收入"、"流动范围"以及"流入地社会资本"这四个因素上。分析二者差异机制的交互模型结果显示,控制其他因素的影响后,随着"家庭本地月收入"和"儿童年龄"的增加,新生代流动人口安排其子女(3-12岁)随迁的可能性均高于老一代流动人口子女随迁的可能性。由于新生代流动人口安排子女随迁的比例相对降低将会产生更多的留守儿童。因此,新生代流动人口随迁子女比例降低的深层次原因需要深入研究。各流入地城市应准确把握本区域内流动人口年龄结构,了解本区域内不同代际流动人口的困难和诉求,制定有的放矢、与时俱进的流动人口福利保障政策和制度。此外,新生代流动人口占比较大的城市应积极增加有关教育设施,制定并完善随迁子女教育保障制度。     

互联网使用对个人就业质量的影响——基于CFPS数据的实证分析

劳动者就业质量提高是经济高质量发展的重要体现。文章基于2014年、2016年和2018年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据，考察了互联网使用对个人就业质量，包括客观就业质量和主观就业满意度两方面的影响。研究发现，互联网使用显著提高个人就业质量，但对客观就业质量的提升效果大于主观就业满意度；分使用互联网的目的来看，发展目的的使用对就业质量的影响效果最强，社交目的的使用效果次之，娱乐目的的使用对客观就业质量无显著影响，却对就业满意度有显著负向影响。异质性分析发现，男性和女性使用互联网对就业质量的影响存在差异；中低受教育程度者使用互联网对就业质量的影响大于受教育程度较高的人；城镇劳动者使用互联网对其就业质量的提升作用大于农村劳动者。机制分析发现，互联网使用增强了个人就业能力，也提升了就业的职业层次，进而提高了客观就业质量；但对主观就业满意度的影响存在两面性，互联网使用既因改善客观就业质量而提升主观就业满意度，也会因社会比较范围扩大易导致低估自己的相对收入水平而对就业满意度产生负向影响。     

新生代流动人口的生育期望及其影响因素

本文以计划生育政策的实施历史与流动人口主体的转变为背景,提出本文的研究对象新生代流动人口。根据实证调查资料,提出新生代流动人口生育期望的理论假设,运用定量统计的方法,从期望生育数量、生育时间、生育目的、性别偏好等4个方面对新生代流动人口的生育期望现状进行描述分析,指出新生代流动人口与传统流动人口以及新生代农村人口生育期望的异同。以生育期望的四个方面为因变量分别建立回归模型,解释个人背景、婚育状况以及流动经历对新生代流动人口生育期望的影响,最后提出改善新生代流动人口生育期望的建议。     

新生代农村劳动力市民化问题研究——基于兰州市的实证调查

新生代农村流动人口已成为我国农村流动人口的"主力军",一方面他们用自己蓬勃的青春活力为城市的发展注入新的动力,另一方面他们又因自身的迷茫与躁动给城市的发展带来冲击.如何顺利实现这类群体的市民化转型对加快我国的城镇化进程、统筹城乡发展意义重大.通过分析发现,一般情况下,城市经济社会发展状况越好,居住环境越好,新生代农村流动人口收入水平越高,社会交往网络越广阔,其市民化的意愿越高,越容易融入城市生活.最后,尝试就推进新生代农村流动人口市民化进程所面临的实际问题提出可行的政策建议.     

农村大龄未婚男性的生活质量及其影响因素分析——以冀北地区调查为基础

利用2010年冀北C县农村调查数据,借鉴生活质量的概念和研究框架,分析农村大龄未婚男性的生活质量现状及影响因素。研究结果表明,与已婚男性相比,未婚男性的客观生活质量和主观生活质量均明显偏低;居住方式和父母在世情况显著影响他们所获得的生活支持,工作、收入和社会保障显著影响他们的经济满意度;年龄、生理、心理和收入是影响未婚男性生活总体满意度的重要因素。经济满意度和生活总体满意度之间具有显著的正向相关关系,社会交往满意度和生活总体满意度之间的关系不显著。分析农村大龄未婚男性的生活质量有利于把握其生存状态,也有利于理解其对社会公共安全的影响。     

流动人口身份认同的模式与差异——基于潜类别分析的方法

文章以2012年流动人口动态监测数据为基础,利用潜类别分析(LCA)的方法探索了流动人口身份认同模式,同时还探究了不同身份认同模式之间的人口学差异.研究发现:流动人口的身份认同模式可以划分为拒绝型、一致型和矛盾型三种类型;城-城流动人口与乡-城流动人口之间在身份认同模式上不存在明显差异;一部分流动人口对自己的身份认同存在着一种矛盾心理;新生代流动人口,特别是新生代乡-城流动人口对于自身的市民身份是排斥的;流动人口的流动范围以及所居住的城市类型是影响其身份认同模式的显著因素;在流入地城市长期生活是提高流动人口身份认同的重要途径;人际交流互动是促进流动人口身份认同的重要手段;与家人同住将改善流动人口的身份认同.     

新生代农民工市民化意愿影响因素分析

本文基于242份样本数据,从资本和认知的视角出发,使用结构方程模型分析新生代农民工市民化意愿的影响因素。结果表明,新生代农民工对务工动机、农村生活、社会身份和城市生活境遇的认知显著影响其市民化意愿;同时,家庭非农劳动力个数、家乡和家庭的经济水平也对新生代农民工市民化意愿有显著影响。因此,提升新生代农民工的家庭资本水平和追求个体发展的意识,改善其在城市的生存状况,对提高新生代农民工市民化意愿有促进作用。     

Internal Migration and Life Satisfaction: Well-Being Paths of Young Adult Migrants

Internal migration is typically associated with higher income, but its relation with life satisfaction remains unclear. Is internal migration accompanied by an increase in life satisfaction and does this increase depend on the reason for moving? What are the aspects of life underlying overall life satisfaction that change following migration? These questions are addressed using longitudinal data from the Swedish Young Adult Panel Study. Migration is defined as a change in municipality of residence. Comparing migrants to non-migrants, it is found that internal migration is accompanied by a short to medium term increase in life satisfaction for those who move due to work (work migrants), as well as those who move for other reasons (non-work migrants). However, only work migrants display an improvement in life satisfaction that remains significant 6 or more years following the move. Work and non-work migrants also differ in the aspects of life that change following migration. For work migrants the move is accompanied by an improvement in occupational status positively associated with well-being 6–10 years after the move. For non-work migrants, a persisting increase in housing satisfaction follows migration, but this housing improvement is accompanied by only a short to medium term increase in overall well-being.     

中国农村地区的家庭禀赋与外出务工劳动力回流

中国农村地区家庭禀赋对个人的行为决策有着重要的影响,需要学术界予以更多的关注。为了考察外生性的家庭禀赋对劳动力就业流动的影响,文章通过构建新生代外出务工劳动力和户主子女的回流决策两个计量模型来进行经验论证。分析结果表明,农村劳动力的迁移选择是综合考虑家庭禀赋状况的理性决策,尤其是对于年轻一代的外出劳动力。家庭经济资本的增加会阻碍家庭外出务工成员的回流。外出劳动力回流的概率起初随着家庭人力资本和家庭自然资本的增长而上升,达到一定程度后开始下降。家庭成员只有拥有较为丰富的人力资本,外出务工劳动力才能对家庭社会资本加以充分利用。另外,分析显示年轻一代劳动力和第一代劳动力对家庭社会资本和自然资本的利用是有差异的。     

Are Migrants Going Up a Blind Alley? Economic Migration and Life Satisfaction around the World: Cross-National Evidence from Europe, North America and Australia

Are migrants satisfied with their decision to move to another country? Research shows that the income-wellbeing relationship is weak in wealthy countries, usually countries of destination. Are then economic migrants mistaken? Employing data from the Gallup World Poll, a representative sample of the world population, we investigate whether a general pattern of association exists between income and the cognitive component of subjective wellbeing, and whether this pattern differs by immigration status in 16 high-income countries. In only a handful of countries do we find a distinctive immigrant advantage in translating income into higher life evaluation or life satisfaction: Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden. For immigrants in most of these countries, income increases cognitive wellbeing even in the fifth income quintile. Depending on the measure used, immigrants in Canada, Denmark, Finland, Italy and the US only have positive income-wellbeing associations at or below the third quintile. We take this as evidence that, among recent arrivals, income is positively associated with wellbeing up to the point in which non-pecuniary factors associated with long-term residence become dominant. We also find a number of “frustrated achievers” among the foreign born in the US, France and Finland. These immigrants report a negative association, in absolute value, between income and life satisfaction or life evaluation.     

此心安处是吾乡--流动人口身份认同的区域差异研究

身份认同是流动人口社会融合的重要组成部分,受客观社会环境和主观意愿等多方面因素的影响。利用2014年“流动人口社会融合及心理健康调查”数据,使用线性回归和二元逻辑斯蒂回归方法,分析当前制度区隔与结构排斥下流动人口身份认同的地区差异,文章发现,流动人口身份认同的现状较为复杂,呈现认同意愿“内部有别”与认同结果“人地一致”的特点,即“居留意愿”较低的城市中流动人口的“入籍意愿”较高,“融入于地”状况较好的城市中流动人口“本地人身份认同”度同样较高。从区域分割视角来看,除“入籍意愿”较高外,东部大城市流动人口的身份认同状况不容乐观。同时,受流动跨越行政距离的影响,省内流动人口具有较强的“内部优势”,其身份认同状况优于跨省而来的流动人口。     

Urbanization and the fertility transition in Ghana

This paper examines the way in which migration and urban residence operate to alter fertility outcomes. While urban-rural fertility differentials have long been established for most developing societies, the nature of these differences among migrants and between migrants and those of succeeding generations is not well understood. The evidence presented here suggests that rural-urban migration and urbanization may contribute positively to processes of fertility transition. Using data from the 1998 Kumasi Peri-Urban Survey, which included a 5-year retrospective monthly calendar of childbearing, we suggest that migrants adapt quickly to an urban environment. Our results also reveal generational differences in recent and cumulative fertility. While migrants exhibit higher cumulative fertility than urban residents of the second and third generation, their fertility is significantly lower than rural averages in Ghana. Children of migrants exhibit childbearing patterns quite similar to those in higher-order generations. Most noteworthy is the nature of the disparities in childbearing patterns between migrants and the succeeding generations. Migrant women have higher lifetime fertility than urban natives. Migrant women also exhibit higher fertility over the last 5 years than second generation or high-order urban natives. But these first generation women exhibit lower fertility (vs. urban natives) for the year immediately prior to the survey. These patterns lend support to an interpretation that combines rather than opposes theories of selectivity, disruption, adaptation and socialization. We conclude by discussing mechanisms that might explain these interrelated processes of fertility adjustment and suggest that policies discouraging rural-urban migration need to be revisited.     

Satisfied and dissatisfied South Africans: results from the General Household Survey in international comparison

Who are the satisfied South Africans 10 years into democracy? How do material factors contribute to their life satisfaction? These are the questions addressed in this paper. Earlier South African research has consistently found a close positive relationship between life satisfaction and material standards of living in the apartheid and post-apartheid era. Recently, a new source of information has become available to shed further light on the association between material and subjective well-being. In 2002, Statistics South Africa, the country’s official source of statistical information, agreed to ask South Africans participating in the General Household Survey whether they were satisfied or dissatisfied with life. The 2002 General Household Survey (n26’000) used a measure developed for the Euromodule that allows for international comparison. The wide-ranging information contained in South Africa’s official?household survey offers a unique opportunity to explore what makes for satisfied and dissatisfied South Africans in relation to their material living standards. Results indicate that the improved living standards afforded to many black South Africans under democracy are associated with increases in life satisfaction. Furthermore, habituation does not appear to have diluted the positive relationship between living standards and well-being. However, political factors continue to play an important role in shaping subjective well-being. In conclusion, it is argued that material gains might also have restored the pride and dignity denied to black South Africans in the past.     

新生代农民工与城市居民的社会距离分析

本文运用2008年宁波城市新生代农民工调查数据,对新生代主体视角下与城市居民社会距离的现状及影响凶素进行了探讨。分析结果发现：以新生代农民工为主体视角的社会距离建立在融入意愿和排斥预期两个层面基础上;与上一代农民工相比．新生代农民工与城市居民的社会距离在增大。社会经济地位、社会关系网络、居住空间和社会文化会显著影响新生代农民丁的社会距离。要促进新生代农民丁的城市融人,缩短新生代农民工与城市居民的社会距离,需要新生代农民工、城市居民、政府和社会等多方行动者的共同努力。     

Predicting overall life satisfaction: The role of life cycle and social psychological antecedents

Assessments of subjective well-being have been guided by a diversity of assumptions about overall life satisfaction's antecedents. Need hierarchy, affect, discrepancies between aspiration and attainment, and feelings of personal efficacy have all been suggested to be important predictors of satisfaction. But social psychological antecedents of satisfaction, such as indices of alienation, have heretofore not been considered, despite their link to the sociological tradition. These analyses suggest that for 1423 rural Wisconsinites, feelings of alienation are important predictors of overall life satisfaction. However, the impact of each of the two dimensions of alienation considered here varies with the respondent's position in the life cycle. Implications of these findings for research on life satisfaction are noted.     

Immigrants’ Sense of Belonging to the Host Country: The Role of Life Satisfaction,Language Proficiency,and Religious Motives

This paper focuses on a significant concept in migration studies: immigrants’ sense of belonging to the host society. Drawing upon the literature of immigration and subjective well-being, we proposed a model in which life satisfaction is a major predictor of immigrants’ sense of belonging, and is explained by background variables including religious affiliation, religious motivation, native language proficiency and ethnic segregation. The study was based on a survey of two groups of highly skilled migrants in Israel; immigrants from France and the Former Soviet Union who moved to Israel in the last two decades. The findings suggest that, as expected, life satisfaction had a significant influence on immigrants’ sense of belonging and served as a mediator variable in the model. Whereas ethnic segregation was not found to be a significant parameter in the model, religious motivation and Hebrew language proficiency were found to be prominent. In light of the literature, we also discuss the importance of religious motivations to immigrants’ subjective well-being, identity, and sense of belonging.

     

South African Quality of Life Trends Over Three Decades, 1980–2010

The South African Quality of Life Trends study has tracked the subjective well-being of South Africans in ten waves from 1983 to 2010. The paper presents the SAQoL trendline of life satisfaction, happiness and perceptions of life getting better or worse against the backdrop of the transition from apartheid to democracy. Subjective well-being peaked in the month following the first open elections in April 1994 when black and white South Africans were equally satisfied and happy at levels found in other democratic societies. But post-election euphoria was short-lived and levels of well-being dropped the following year and racial inequalities in evaluations of life re-emerged. The tenth and latest wave in the study was conducted a few months after South Africa’s successful hosting of the Soccer World Cup. In 2010, the proportions of all South Africans expressing satisfaction, happiness and optimism was among the highest since the coming of democracy—just over half stated they were satisfied, close on two-thirds were happy, and half felt life was getting better. Nonetheless, while the standard of living has increased for a minority of formerly disadvantaged South Africans and a small black middle class has emerged, there are still huge disparities in both material and subjective well-being. In 1997 and 2010, South Africans were asked what would make them happier in future. In 2010, the majority of citizens still hoped for basic necessities, income and employment, to enhance their quality of life.