The “Un-Candidates”

Abstract

Much has been written on whether female candidates “run as women” in their campaigns. This study explores the role of gender in political advertising through a systematic analysis of campaign commercials from U.S. House, Senate, and Governor races from 1964 to 1998. I hypothesize that candidates will use “femininity” in the commercials as a marker of “outsider” status. This theory considers image differentiation and branding as they relate to gender in political advertising. Advertisers typically use branding for two reasons: (1) to manufacture illusory differences to differentiate nearly identical products (such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi); and (2) to emphasize and expand real differences (7-UP, for instance, tries to differentiate itself from both Coca-Cola and Pepsi by branding itself the “Un-Cola”). Female candidates who correlate feminine character traits and women's issues with an outsider presentation in their campaigns are trying to be the “Un-Candidates.” The data in this study reveal the importance of contextual factors in determining whether a female candidate will undertake an “un-candidate” strategy     

“Naughty,” “Nice,” or “Homo Sapiens:” Gendered Political Toolkits in a Housing Mobilization1

This article advances our understanding of how gender structures political interaction by examining the constraints and opportunities associated with gender in a housing mobilization. These constraints and opportunities are rooted in social and political hierarchies and shaped by the gendered political toolkits: the demarcation of social issues as male or female, gendered political language and gender-appropriate emotions, and the division of activist labor along the lines of gender. Gendered political toolkits cue people when and how it is appropriate to mobilize, which tasks and roles to take on in small, even all-female groups, how to perform and which emotions to express when interacting with outsiders. Activists can experience their gender as a limitation, especially when navigating a political field organized around traditionalist gender norms and expectations. Still, they can also strategically employ the traditionalist perceptions and behaviors. Focusing on the basic level of collective action, activist small groups and their strategies, the article shows how activists navigate the constraints and opportunities of their gender as they mobilize in response to a controversial urban renewal proposal in Moscow, the Renovation program.     

Other's Survival Predicament ——An Interpretation of The Man from Mars

Cultural communication makes people be closer to each other, but it can also bring about fear, resistance or discrimination to other cultures, causing other's survival predicament in a foreign country. In the short story The Man from Mars, the mysterious, unnamed man is undoubtedly an Other in Canada, and the stereotype of Other and self-conceited ethnocentrism are the main reasons for Other' s survival predicament.     

The “Real Thing”

This article examined the value of using nonfiction graphic novels as historical narratives in the social studies curriculum. Preservice teachers evaluated several graphic novels and identified attributes of graphic novels that could contribute to students’ development of historical thinking and understanding of multiple perspectives. Despite the preservice teachers’ value for graphic novels as resources and their desire to use them in their future classrooms, all of the preservice teachers identified reasons why they would not be able to use graphic novels in their future school context. The findings suggested that the preservice teachers’ desire to be accepted by their school community took precedence over their intention to use resources that they deemed engaging and beneficial for student learning.     

The Dark Side of “The Nose”: The Paradigms of Olfactory Perception in Gogol'’s “The Nose”

The article focuses on the ways in which Nikolai Gogol'’s famous story “The Nose” can be viewed meaningfully after being designated as the token of nonsense and illogicality by representatives of structuralism and hermeneutics in Slavic studies. Instead of interpreting the story’s symbolic significance or establishing its connections to other texts, the present article examines the story literally and asks what it means to lose one’s olfactory capacity in the Russian capital in the first third of the nineteenth century. The article’s answer is that Gogol'’s story can be seen as marking the moment during which the traditional olfactory-rich values of Russian culture gave way to a more vision-oriented Western sensory paradigm that tended to denigrate the sense of smell and its cognitive potential.     

“The Littlest Science” Revisited

I revisit Allan Mazur’s 1968 claim that sociology is “The Littlest Science.” In doing so, I review four decades of disciplinary battles on how sociology might raise its scientific profile. I examine data on public attitudes toward sociology as a science and how sociology is perceived by the larger scientific community. I conclude that taking a more interdisciplinary perspective will improve the scientific status of sociology.     

The Invention of“Traces”

THE main figure in the woodcut entitled Traces is a fairy maiden taken from a fresco located in the Taoist temple known as Yongle Palace; originally painted by an anonymous artist of the Yuan Dynasty, this supernatural image from Taoism has both an elegant poise and the wisdom of an ordinary woman. The remainder of the woodcut is made up of sections of A Sightseeing Tour, a painting of scenery from the Tang Dynasty which harmonizes surprisingly well with the fairy. Traces reminds us of the spiritual wealth bequeathed to us by the ancient artists. The image of women that it presents reminds us of the Chinese mothers     

The Editor, “Forum”

This paper is based on a review of the Submission concerning Social Workers in Schools made at the request of the N.S.W. Public Service Board in the light of current developments in school social work. An attempt is made to look at some of the areas not covered by the submission and there is some discussion of goals, roles, primary target groups and other related issues. In conclusion it is felt that no decision can be made about location on the basis of information contained in the submission and that much more consideration needs to be given to the dynamics of school social work.     

The Analysis of “The Dead” on Feminist Approaches

This paper attempts to explore the female characters in novella The Dead. The paper analyzes three female images almost separately and it intends to illustrate feminism in Joyce's work which vividly creates many unique women.     

Peking Opera“The Lucky Purse”

The Peking opera The Lucky Purse is based onthe following story: Before Xue Xiangling,daughter of a rich family,got married,her mother gave her a purse full ofprecious stones,pearls and other jewels.On the dayof her wedding Xue met Zhao Shouzhen,a bride     

The meaning of “fundamental preferences”

We present the definition and meaning of “fundamental preferences” that are interpersonally comparable, ordinal and endemonistic. We also dispel a number of misunderstandings concerning them. In the article “A cause of preference is not on object of preference” (Soc Choice Welfare (1993) 10: 57–68), Professor Broome misinterprets the notion of “fundamental preferences” in confusing an observer's device for a psychological transformation of the observed (as if an economist studying wealth meant that he becomes wealthy, or if physicians had to be sick — this is well shown in his interpretation of a sentence of mine in p 65 where the crucial switch to the first person is his own). Considering a new set of variables that includes both structural parameters and former variables, hence variables of different kinds, assumes nothing new concerning the observed object; namely, it says neither that the consumption of bread becomes “a cause” of the taste for jam, nor that the individual likes (or dislikes) his own tastes, or anything like this (the accusation of “fantasy”). We shall suggest that certain other views receive a similar treatment in this paper. This misunderstanding is regrettable, since the consideration of fundamental preferences is unavoidable in social ethics, both when one has to compare all-encompassing individual situations, and for the preferences of the hypothetical identical individuals in an Original Position device where they evaluate at once what they might have and what they might be I wish to thank Professor Broome for comments on an earlier version of this note. . Therefore, perhaps the full argument must be stated again (see the works in references). To begin with, we should face the issue relevant for social ethics directly, rather than dealing with it in devious ways. The question arises if: (1) distributive justice is a question (he who says it is not wants to impose his own view of it), (2) individual happiness has any relevance for the quality of society (imagine a society of despaired people). Then, one can show that the relevant issue turns out to be: can one say that a person is happier than another? These persons are in specific situations.     

The “Bellah Affair” at Princeton

The so-called “Bellah affair at Princeton” began in March 1973 when a harsh but nonetheless ordinary academic fight over the appointment of Robert N. Bellah as a permanent member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton found its way to the wider public sphere. Using published and unpublished evidence, the paper shows how two different interpretations of academic freedom were put forward by Bellah’s supporters and opponents, and how the sociological profession understood the episode as a disciplinary attack on the part of the hard sciences and historical disciplines. The emerging symbolic constellation led all the relevant actors to develop a shared interest in the rapid oblivion of the episode: the Bellah affair became a lose-lose game which all the players wanted to end as rapidly as possible.     

The survival of “Asian values” as “Zivilisationskritik”

Theory and Society -     

The Woman Who“Manages Weather”

TENG Youlian, a Miao woman and the chief director of the Meteorological Bureau of Mayang County, Hunan, is one of the most reliable people in the area. The local people affectionately refer to Teng as "the woman who manages weather," because she and her meteorological bureau can forecast weather precisely, and predict rainstorms and floods in advance. Several times, they have been able to greatly reduce the losses for Mayang County caused by disastrous floods. Though only a junior high school graduate, and one who had never formally learned meteorology, Teng studied very hard to gain practical knowledge after she transferred to the meteorological bureau in 1969; gradually, she became familiar with the work. In 1981, she became a technician in weather forecasting, and was promoted to assistant engineer in 1988. She worked diligently and carefully; in 1989, she set a record