农村未婚青年生殖健康现状及需求研究

本文根据对农村未婚青年生殖健康现状问卷调查和座谈调查的结果,对农村未婚在业青年的生殖健康现状及其对婚前性行为、人工流产的态度进行了分析研究,同时还探讨了农村未婚青年对计划生育服务的需求,最后还就提高农村未婚青年生殖健康水平提出了一些对策性建议。     

中国未婚青年的生殖健康状况

目前,中国青少年的性成熟已明显提前,未婚青年（包括少年）性行为发生率在不断上升,首次性行为的年龄呈提前趋势。但他们缺乏性和生殖健康知识,有性行为的未婚青年避孕措施的采用率较低,导致未婚妊娠和人工流产的发生率上升。未婚青年性行为、妊娠和人工流产的发生与性观念与社会观念的变化、文化教育、家庭背景、环境因素、国家政策及社会因素等有关。要提高中国未婚青年的生殖健康状况,应满足未婚青年的需求,给未婚青年提供性教育和生殖健康服务。     

我国青少年未婚人流问题的理论思考

为了加强对青少年未婚人口问题理论探讨，本文回顾了近年我国青少年未婚人流的相关研究，发现目前存在比例高、低龄化、重复人流比例高以及并发症高四大特征；从理论角度思考，认为发育年龄和初婚年龄间隔拉大、更为频繁的人口流动．更加开放婚前性行为态度以及生殖健康知识和服务渠道的缺乏是造成该现状的重要宏观因素；提出应该根据“性行为链条”的理论框架及时转变青少年生殖健康观念、加强对青少年生殖健康服务和改善相关服务模式．才能有助于改善现状。     

城市外来青年女工的生殖健康状况与需求

本文利用小组专题讨论会和深入访谈资料对外来青年女工的生殖健康状况和需求进行了分析。流动人口的生活和工作与家乡的同龄人及城市居民都不相同 ,这给他们的健康带来一系列问题。对年轻妇女而言 ,与性和生育相关的问题尤为突出。外来未婚女工发生婚前性行为的可能性较大 ,随意性性行为的比例较高 ,因此人工流产及性病的发生率较高。因为产前保健不足 ,外来人口发生产时并发症的可能性较大。目前迫切需要加强对未婚人群的教育和服务 ,以减少风险行为的发生。应结合计划生育管理和服务加强对已婚妇女的生殖健康服务 ,以提高她们的健康水平     

中国未婚女青年流产现状的调查分析

目前青少年的性成熟年龄日趋提前,而初婚年龄的不断推后,待婚期的时间延长使未婚青少年发生婚前性行为的可能性大大增加。而婚前性行为对未婚女性而言极易造成非意愿妊娠、流产、性传播疾病等生殖健康问题,从而对她们的健康造成极大危害。本文利用2009年中国青少年生殖健康可及性调查数据,对中国未婚女青年流产服务现状进行分析,从而为更...     

城乡差异与大学生消费——独生子女与非独生子女的比较

尽管已有不少研究对独生和非独生子女大学生进行研究,但是其往往过分关注于独生子女与非独生子女之间的差异,却对独生子女和非独生子女群体内部的差异缺乏敏感。遗憾的是,这使得已有的很多研究获得的结论并不那么可靠。本文以大学生的平均月消费水平为例,使用南京大学社会学系"大学生发展状况调查(2008年)"数据的研究表明,城市来源和农村来源的大学生在独生子女与非独生子女的月消费差异上的表现是不同的。城市来源的独生子女大学生和非独生子女大学生之间没有差异;但是农村来源的独生子女大学生和非独生子女大学生之间存在显著差异,独生子女大学生占据明显的优势。     

第一代独生子女婚后居住方式:一项12城市的调查分析

本文考察了我国第一代独生子女婚后居住方式的分布及其与非独生子女的差别。结果表明,青年婚后小家单独居住的比例高达2/3,成为第一代独生子女婚后居住方式的主流。在与父母同住的青年中,独生子女与双方父母同住的比例相当;而非独生子女则基本上都是与男方父母同住。此外,双独家庭与老年父母同住的比例最小;单独家庭与老年父母、特别是与女方父母同住的比例最大;双非家庭与男方父母同住的比例最大。单独家庭中青年夫妇婚后居住方式明显受到性别因素的影响。论文探讨了这种居住方式的变化对家庭养老以及家庭观念等方面所具有的意义。     

城市青年的婚恋年龄期望及影响因素——以南京、保定调查为例

婚恋年龄期望是青年对恋爱和结婚时间或年龄的一种期待、观念或认识。本研究利用2014年3⁵月在江苏南京、河北保定两地针对5大类行业1 028名185月在江苏南京、河北保定两地针对5大类行业1 028名18³5岁的城市在职青年所进行的"青年发展状况"问卷调查数据,对青年婚恋年龄期望及其影响因素进行分析,结果发现青年对恋爱时间的看法多元化,对晚婚的认同较为明显,大多接受"男大女小";所处行业社会地位较低、出生农村、文化程度不高的男性青年更倾向于早婚,而低龄、未婚、女性青年则更倾向于晚婚。将青年婚恋年龄期望与实践进行对比发现,未婚青年实际的恋爱年龄普遍比其所期待的年龄更早,已婚青年的实际结婚年龄也比所期望的年龄要小,男青年在理想与现实的差距上略高于女青年。与以往调查结果相比,青年实际婚恋年龄呈现出了恋爱年龄提前、结婚年龄推迟的特点,恋爱低龄化和结婚高龄化态势明显。青年理想婚龄的多元线性回归模型结果表明,年龄、文化程度、性别、婚姻状况以及是否独生子女对青年理想婚龄影响显著。年龄越低,青年理想婚龄越小;学历越高,青年理想婚龄越大;女性比男性、已婚青年比未婚青年、非独生子女比独生子女的理想婚龄更低一些。     

中国城市青年地理通婚圈变化及其影响因素研究——基于北京、保定、黄石和西安四城市的调查

本文利用《中国城市青年状况调查》数据,使用多项式Logistic回归分析方法对我国城市青年的地理通婚圈进行研究。研究结果显示:人口迁移流动经历对城市未婚青年意愿通婚圈和初婚青年现实通婚圈的扩大都具有明显的促进作用,同时还发现城市独生子女的通婚圈明显比非独生子女小,但地理通婚圈不会因兄弟姐妹数量的增加而扩大。据此提出"二孩生育"政策应该成为我国生育政策的建议。     

中国农村大龄未婚男性安全性行为倾向的影响因素：基于计划行为理论的研究

本文基于计划行为理论,研究了受到婚姻挤压的农村大龄未婚男性安全套使用倾向的心理因素和社会人口统计因素。数据来源于2008年8月-9月西安交通大学人口与发展研究所在安徽JC区开展的＂农村大龄男性生殖健康和家庭生活调查＂。Logistic回归分析结果显示,积极的互动态度、较高的性伴规范,较高的知觉行为控制和首次性行为中使用了安全套的经历与大龄未婚男性安全套使用倾向显著正相关。此外,较小年龄组的未婚男性更倾向于使用安全套。本研究结果有助于我们更好地理解农村大龄未婚男性安全套使用机制,能为促进农村地区安全性行为的干预项目提供理论借鉴和支持。     

Marital dissolution among the 1958 British birth cohort: The role of cohabitation

This paper investigates the effect of previous cohabitation on marital stability among the 1958 British birth cohort. Prospective data from the National Child Development Study are used to investigate the way in which family background factors and early lifecourse experiences, including cohabitation, affect the risk of first marriage dissolution by age 33. Discrete time logistic regression hazards models are used to analyse the risk of separation in the first eight years of marriage. Many socio-economic and family background factors are found to act through more intermediate determinants, such as age at marriage and the timing of childbearing, to affect the risk of separation. Previous cohabitation with another partner and premarital cohabitation are both associated with higher rates of marital breakdown. The effect of premarital cohabitation is attenuated but remains significant once the characteristics of cohabitors are controlled, and cannot be explained by the longer time spent in a partnership.     

Survey sheds new light on marriage and sexuality in the Philippines

The Young Adults Fertility and Sexuality Study (YAFS-II) was conducted in 1994 by interviewing 10,879 men and women aged 15-24 years in households on dating, marriage, and onset of sexual activity in the Philippines. In addition, screening data were collected on all households visited and on the 959 sampled local communities. Direct questions on premarital sex revealed that at least 52% of married women had sex before marriage. Among married respondents, 57% of men and 51% of women reported having had sex with their spouse before they were married. Only 3% of the women had additional premarital partners vs. 37% of the men. Questions on premarital sex and social patterns showed that about 20% of the single women and 28% of the single men had been in a serious relationship by the time they were 17. By age 20, 44% of the single women and 63% of the single men had been in a serious relationship, while the respective figures by age 24 were 60% and 68%. Altogether 24% of the women and 10% of the men described themselves as married. 34% of all women who either eloped or lived with their spouses had been married in church by the time of the survey, 23% had had civil ceremonies, and 41% designated their marital status as cohabitation. With regard to the risk of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, 25% of the 24-year old men who never had a girlfriend reported sexual experience and 22% of those still single at age 24 reported that they had visited a commercial sex worker. Marital status was not the best basis for providing family planning services, and the provision of reproductive health services to young people living in consensual union would reduce accidental pregnancy.     

Adolescent sexuality in Asia: new focus for population policy

As the age at marriage continues to rise in East and Southeast Asia, the fertility behavior of unmarried teenagers is receiving more attention from population policymakers. In addition to fertility reduction through family planning, Asian societies today consider population planning strategies in relation to national needs and social goals, including such matters as the population's growth rate, age structure, educational quality and skills. The number of single youth in Asia is growing much more rapidly than the total youth population. By the year 2010, for example, India is projected to have nearly 70 million single teenagers, aged 15-19, 188% more than in 1980. In many developing countries today, such as the Philippines and Korea, the rising age at marriage has combined with rapid urbanization, improved status for women, and more educational opportunity to alter both the behavioral norms of young people and the traditional means of social control over youth. Studies of contemporary adolescent sexuality have been conducted in 4 Asian countries. In the Philippines an overt independent youth homosexual culture was found to exist in urban and to some extent rural areas. In Thailand research revealed little conservative resistance to family planning or to contraceptives for young unmarried people. Surveys in Taiwan indicate that behavior related to dating and choice of spouse has become more liberal, and a survey in Hong Kong revealed a higher level of premarital sex and use of prostitutes among Chinese men than expected. Population policy perspectives that need to be considered in these changing times include: 1) issues of access to family planning services by unmarried people below the legal age of maturity; 2) the development of social institutions, such as exist in Thailand and the Philippines, to guide adolescents' behavior; 3) more extensive study of adolescent sexuality; 4) establishment of the scope of family policy.     

Cultural change and attitude change: An assessment of postrevolutionary marriage and family attitudes in Iran

This report is aimed at investigating beliefs and intentions of Iranian adolescents regarding marriage and family building approximately four years after the Islamic Revolution, which brought substantial political and cultural changes. Differences associated with gender and parental education were found in beliefs and intentions regarding marriage and family building. Also, the sample seemed to hold more traditional cultural values than did a comparable prerevolutionary sample of youth who were from the same geographical location and were of the same sex and parental educational background. However, it was found that even the groups from the lowest educational background showed some degree of nontraditional attitudes and intentions regarding marriage and family. Interpreting the findings in light of cultural observations and attitude change theory, it is argued that a certain degree of real attitude change has occurred, and is continuing, in the nontraditional direction among educated youth.     

Socio-economic correlates of fecundability in a sample of taiwanese women

Estimates of fecundability (monthly probability of conception) in the absence of contraception are derived from the frequency distribution of conceptive delays immediately following marriage, reported by 2,443 married women aged 20 to 39 included in the Taichung (Taiwan) Intensive Fertility Survey of 1962. Average fecundability of women is positively associated with their socio-economic status. These differentials are not accounted for by differences among socio-economic groups with respect to memory and truncation biases (associated with the marriage duration), wife’s age at marriage, or unreported premarital conceptions. A Multiple Classification Analysis suggests that among the socio-economic characteristics, husband’s education, rural background, and modern family type are the more important predictors of fecundability. The importance of genetic factors as opposed to cultural factors in producing these socio-economic differences in fecundability can not be evaluated systematically. Moreover, the relation of a couple’s privacy, their attitude toward family building, and patterns of mate selection to their socioeconomic status would have to be taken into account before the differences in fecundability could be attributed to factors such as nutrition, health, or infections which might directly influence their physiological ability to conceive.     

Motivations for the use of birth control: Evidence from West Africa

A conventional assumption in the family planning literature is that birth control in developing countries is first adopted by high parity women who wish to cease childbearing. The empirical support for this belief has mainly been drawn from interview surveys on the motivations for, and the timing of, the inception of birth control among married women in areas where there is no cultural precedent for birth spacing by traditional means. This study, on the other hand, is based on data drawn from an area sample of 6,606 women, married or single, aged 15–59, in Ibadan, Nigeria, where there is a tradition for the practice of abstinence after a birth for the purpose of birth spacing. The Nigerian pattern revealed in the data presented here is indeed distinctive in many respects: (a) although premarital sex is prevalent, levels of premarital contraception are high; and (b) within marriage, spacing is the most prominent motivation for contraceptive practice, more important than the limitation of family size.     

Cohort Trends in Premarital First Births: What Role for the Retreat From Marriage?

We examine cohort trends in premarital first births for U.S. women born between 1920 and 1964. The rise in premarital first births is often argued to be a consequence of the retreat from marriage, with later ages at first marriage resulting in more years of exposure to the risk of a premarital first birth. However, cohort trends in premarital first births may also reflect trends in premarital sexual activity, premarital conceptions, and how premarital conceptions are resolved. We decompose observed cohort trends in premarital first births into components reflecting cohort trends in (1) the age-specific risk of a premarital conception taken to term; (2) the age-specific risk of first marriages not preceded by such a conception, which will influence women’s years of exposure to the risk of a premarital conception; and (3) whether a premarital conception is resolved by entering a first marriage before the resulting first birth (a “shotgun marriage”). For women born between 1920–1924 and 1945–1949, increases in premarital first births were primarily attributable to increases in premarital conceptions. For women born between 1945–1949 and 1960–1964, increases in premarital first births were primarily attributable to declines in responding to premarital conceptions by marrying before the birth. Trends in premarital first births were affected only modestly by the retreat from marriages not preceded by conceptions—a finding that holds for both whites and blacks. These results cast doubt on hypotheses concerning “marriageable” men and instead suggest that increases in premarital first births resulted initially from increases in premarital sex and then later from decreases in responding to a conception by marrying before a first birth.     

The relative stability of cohabiting and marital unions for children

Children are increasingly born into cohabiting parent families, but we know little to date about the implications of this family pattern for children's lives. We examine whether children born into premarital cohabitation and first marriages experience similar rates of parental disruption, and whether marriage among cohabiting parents enhances union stability. These issues are important because past research has linked instability in family structure with lower levels of child well-being. Drawing on the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, we find that white, black and Hispanic children born to cohabiting parents experience greater levels of instability than children born to married parents. Moreover, black and Hispanic children whose cohabiting parents marry do not experience the same levels of family stability as those born to married parents; among white children, however, the marriage of cohabiting parents raises levels of family stability to that experienced by children born in marriage. The findings from this paper contribute to the debate about the benefits of marriage for children.     

第一代独生子女婚后居住模式——基于江苏省的经验研究

二十世纪七、八十年代出生的第一代独生子女正处在婚育阶段,与此同时,他们的父母也在逐渐步人老年。文章利用2007年江苏生育调查数据,从代际关系角度考察了第一代独生子女的婚后居住模式及影响因素,结果表明：子代需要亲代帮助照料年幼孙代的需求、亲代需要子代提供照料的需求显著提高了独生子女婚后与父母同住的可能性,代际交换关系显著影响了居住模式;与非独生子女家庭相比,独生子女家庭更可能与夫妻一方或双方父母同住;城市独生子女比农村独生子女更可能婚后与父母同住：独生子女的性别属性对居住模式有显著影响,独生子与自己父母同住的比例明显大于独生女同她们的父母同住的比例。