中国的生育率:到底下降了多少?

1990年代以来 ,中国的生育水平持续下降 ,已经进入低生育国家的行列。 2 0 0 0年人口普查 ,中国的总和生育率为 1 2 2 ,明显存在漏报。那么中国的生育率到底下降了多少 ?本文利用亲生子女法、生育史重构法和胎次递进比方法分析了 1 990年代生育率的下降过程 ,认为 2 0 0 0年总和生育率最准确的估计应为 1 5 8。通过分解总和生育率的变化 ,认为 1 990年代生育水平的下降 ,2 /5归因于结婚年龄的推迟 ,3/5归因于婚内生育率的下降     

1990年代中国生育水平研究

1990年代我国的生育水平究竟是多少,这一直是个谜。本文利用中国一直独立存在的严密而周全的教育统计数据,来估计2000年人口普查中的漏报,最终估计我国1990年代的生育水平。通过教育统计数据对人口普查数据进行调整,重构2000年普查0~9岁人口的年龄性别结构;并将2000年0~9岁人口转换为1991~2000年历年的出生人数,进而估算1990年代我国的生育水平。从推算和估计的结果看,我国1991年生育率达到更替水平,之后进一步下降,低于更替水平。1990年代后期我国的总和生育率在1.7~1.8。     

关于中国1990年代低生育水平的再讨论

本文根据全国第五次人口普查样本计算了 1 990年代各年份的分性别平均初婚年龄 ,这一结果再次表明这一时期中初婚年龄有显著提高。本文还根据以往历次调查的各年份年龄别生育率按队列计算了累计生育率 ,结果发现 2 0 0 0年时各队列的累计生育率水平高于五普数据中各队列的平均活产子女数。本文还就队列累计生育率计算结果详细分析了 1 990年代终身生育水平的趋势。这些分析从一个新的角度说明 ,1 990年代各队列的终身生育水平也在发生显著的下降 ,正在接近现行生育政策所要求的水平     

中国省级2000年育龄妇女总和生育率评估

本研究构造了人口流动强度和城镇化指数分布法对全国漏报的 5 38 65万多 0岁人口进行地区 (省、直辖市、自治区 )分配 ,将漏报出生回填后 ,估计得出各地区 2 0 0 0年妇女总和生育率。估计结果显示通过漏报回填可以基本展现各地区妇女真实生育水平 ;各地区生育水平差异较大 ,还有1 3个省区超过更替水平。     

199O年代以来山东生育水平研究

本文在对山东省各种人口出生统计数据对比分析的基础上,利用山东省教育统计数据,以及育龄妇女信息系统数据估算了山东省1990年代各年出生人数和生育水平,并推算了2000～2005年出生人数和生育水平.同时对1990年代低生育水平的原因进行了分析.得出的结论是:山东省1990年代已经处于超低生育水平,大部分年份低于政策生育水平.低于政策生育水平的主要原因是生育年龄的推迟.     

应用队列累计生育率分析我国生育水平变动趋势——兼与郭志刚教授讨论

本文对反映生育水平的两个基本指标——总和生育率和队列累计生育率进行分析,肯定多年来多个调查所得到的队列累计生育率的数据质量。尽管队列累计生育率反映的是"过去"而不是"当前"的实际生育水平,但历次调查所反映出的1990年代以来生育水平变化趋势是持续下降,并推断近几年的总和生育率已经下降到1.6以下。     

我国妇女生育推迟与近期生育水平变化

随着我国时期生育水平的下降,我国妇女的平均生育年龄自20世纪90年代以来呈现上升的趋势。在这样的情况下,传统的时期总和生育率的估计受到进度效应的影响,人们从这一指标中难以对我国近期生育水平的变化形成正确的认识。本文利用多来源可靠数据,对我国近期的总和生育率以及去进度效应总和生育率进行了估计,发现去除进度效应影响后,生育水平的时期估计值有了大幅度上升,2007²012年的生育水平大约在1.7至1.8之间。研究进一步重构了19642012年的生育水平大约在1.7至1.8之间。研究进一步重构了1964¹985年出生队列的部分年龄别生育率,发现年轻队列的峰值年龄别生育率较低,但在较高年龄时会出现年龄别生育率相较之前队列升高的现象。文章进一步探讨了我国生育政策对于妇女生育行为的影响以及政策变动可能带来的时期生育率的变化。     

论内在总和生育率

在不断完善对时期生育率的测量指标中,人口学家们提出了各种基于对生育行为各个方面进行控制的生育率指标,以便获得更为准确的生育水平度量。对生育率的数量成分和进度成分的分解,使得我们对时期生育率的变化有了更深入的认识。针对递进生育率和去进度效应总和生育率的缺陷,澳大利亚学者提出了内在总和生育率的指标,并通过实证研究表明它能更准确测量生育率的数量效应和进度效应。内在总和生育率是对生育的年龄、胎次和间隔同时进行控制的生育率指标,反映的是生育行为内在稳定的生育水平。本文对这一方法进行介绍,并利用我国1988年2‰人口生育率抽样调查数据,说明该指标的构建和计算过程。     

中国少数民族生育转变：过程及影响因素

少数民族生育转变是中国人口转变的重要组成部分。研究少数民族生育转变为认识中国生育转变历程提供了多样视角。使用历次全国人口普查和1%人口抽样调查微观数据描述了不同少数民族生育指标的变化,并使用分层线性模型区分了民族内部以及民族之间的差异如何解释不同民族生育行为的差异。研究发现,各民族的总和生育率都呈现下降趋势,2000年以后大多数民族的总和生育率接近或低于更替水平,部分民族的总和生育率近年来略有回升。少数民族生育行为存在很强的异质性,不同民族生育模式不同。民族特征对生育行为的影响仍然存在但随时间推移逐渐降低,民族内部的个体社会经济特征差异超越民族之间的差异成为影响少数民族生育行为的主导因素。     

中国总和生育率为何如此低?——推延和补偿的博弈

目前对于我国生育水平的讨论主要关注对"真实生育水平"的估计,而较少关注为什么生育水平越来越低。本文根据推延效应和补偿效应博弈的原理,以图对我国生育水平不断走低给予人口学的回答。本文考察了2000年、2010年、2015年三次普查/小普查的分年龄生育率的变化,表明年轻人口生育率的大幅下降和年长人口生育率的微弱上升导致了生育率的不断走低。对2000—2017年的年度数据的进一步分析也表明,推延效应强劲和补偿效应微弱并不是普查时点的一时现象而带有一贯的趋势性。只要这种趋势没有根本扭转,中国的生育水平将不可避免地继续走低。此外,高龄生育已经成为不容忽视的生育现象。     

Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.     

城市计划生育技术服务方式创新--南京市玄武区政府购买计划生育技术服务的实践

建立政府牵头、计卫联手、资源共享的计划生育技术服务体系 ,开展以知识普及、知情选择、随访服务、咨询指导、健康促进为主要内容的计划生育避孕节育和生殖保健优质服务 ,最大限度地满足社区育龄群众在计划生育和生殖保健方面的需求 ,是城市计划生育技术服务改革发展的方向1 。近几年 ,南京市玄武区计划生育局在区委、区政府的领导以及省市计生委的支持下 ,根据新时期城市计划生育工作改革发展要求 ,积极推进政府计划生育部门的职能转变 ,探索计划生育技术服务方式的改革创新 ,尝试依托社区医疗卫生和妇幼保健服务网络 ,由政府购买计划生育…     

Major Tasks in Health and Family Planning in China in 2015

On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.     

Trends in life expectancy in wellbeing

Objectives: This paper describes anddiscusses trends in life expectancy inwellbeing between 1989 and 1998.Methods: Data on wellbeing by theBradburn Affect Balance Scale is obtained fromthe Netherlands Continuous Health InterviewSurveys for the calendar years from 1989 to1998. Using Sullivan's method, life expectancyin wellbeing is calculated.Results: For males at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing increases significantlyfrom 52.7 years in 1989 (90.1% of the totallife expectancy) to 54.4 years in 1998(90.8%). This increase is almost completelycaused by the increase in total lifeexpectancy. For females at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing raises significant from54.4 years in 1989 (84.1%) to 56.2 years in1998 (86.3%). This increase is almostcompletely caused by a decrease in the numberof years in a state of distress.For both males and females at the age of 65,the significant increase of life expectancy inwellbeing exceeds the increase in total lifeexpectancy and is mainly caused by the decreasein number of years in distress.Conclusion: Contrary to life expectancyin good perceived health and to disability freelife expectancy – which show a decreasing trend– the overall wellbeing of the population isincreasing. It seems that aspects in human lifethat contribute to wellbeing or quality of lifeother than physical health are gaining inimportance. This makes life expectancy inwellbeing a less appropriate instrument tomonitor changes in population health, but auseful instrument to measure population qualityof life.     

Increases in childlessness in New Zealand

New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability, belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity, regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses.

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

Materialism in Pedagogy Students in Chile

Many studies have used Richins and Dawson’s (J Consum Res 19: 303–316, 1992) Material Values Scale (MVS), applying it to different types of populations that exhibit a particular psychometric behavior, and showing little stability in their factorial structure. In the present study, 1,070 pedagogy students from the northern, central and southern regions of Chile answered the MVS. This sample was randomly divided in two. Using the first sub-sample (N = 539), an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out, from which a structure of nine items was grouped into two factors called “Social Success” and “Personal Happiness”, which presented adequate reliability. Later, with the second sub-sample (N = 531), the factorial structure indicated above was put to the test through a confirmatory factorial analysis. The data from the model show that the scale contains 8 items in total, grouped into two dimensions. The factorial loads are significant at the level of 1 %, which indicates that the 2-factor structure can be confirmed. Finally—using the proposed structure—the presence of the students’ material values was evaluated.     

论西部开发中的城市发展问题

本文在对近20年来我国城市发展进行回顾与反思的基础上,提出了西部制定城市发展战略和选择城市发展道路的基本原则以及若干城市发展对策措施.     

Changes in Living Standards and Depopulation in Latvia in the 1990s

Social Indicators Research -     

"非典"期间全国农村地区跨省流入人口调查数据分析

在2003年抗击非典的关键时期,国家人口和计划生育委员会进行了全国农村地区跨省流入人口的调查.本文着重分析这项调查所获得的数据,并对数据的一致性做出说明.既揭示了我国农村流动人口的基本特征和非典时期农村人口流动的规模和流向特点,又反映了非典对这一时期全国人口的流动所产生的影响,同时展示了我国抗击非典工作在农村地区所取得的成绩.