员工建言促进工作绩效：谦卑领导的调节作用

  员工建言虽然有益于组织发展，但是对员工个人却并不总是有利，建言行为对员工自身发展的影响取决于管理者对建言的态度和回应。这方面的实证研究非常有限，并且更多研究探讨忽视和负面评价等消极领导因素在员工建言积极效应实现中的阻碍作用，而较少探讨谦卑领导这样一种积极领导因素对员工建言积极效应发挥的促进作用。         在已有研究基础上，基于群体卷入模型的视角，探讨管理者的谦卑领导行为在员工建言与工作绩效关系间的调节作用，并检验组织自尊在其间发挥的中介作用。收集湖北省和江苏省多家企业的367对有效的上-下级配对数据，采用有中介的调节作用检验方法进行实证检验。         研究结果表明，①谦卑领导在员工建言和工作绩效的关系间发挥正向调节作用，作为建言对象的管理者谦卑领导水平越高，员工建言对工作绩效的积极影响越强；②谦卑领导在员工建言与组织自尊的关系间发挥正向调节作用，管理者的谦卑领导水平越高，员工建言对组织自尊的积极影响也越强；③组织自尊在谦卑领导与员工建言交互影响工作绩效的过程中发挥中介作用，即员工建言既可能出于对组织利益和发展的关心，也可能出于对自身群体身份和地位信息的寻求，而具有谦卑领导特征的管理者更可能对员工建言持开放态度并给予积极回应，有助于向建言者传递组织对其努力和价值的尊重、重视和认可等有关群体身份和地位的重要信息，增强建言者的组织自尊，进而激发其后续努力工作的动机并做出良好绩效。此即“谏者有为”效应实现机制的一种解释。         探讨谦卑领导在员工建言与工作绩效关系间的调节作用，既是对近年来研究者呼吁探讨领导反馈在员工建言效应机制中的重要作用的积极响应，也是对已有研究的有益拓展。研究结果可以为组织管理实践提供有益启示，提醒管理者应重视建言行为在员工激励中的重要作用，不仅要鼓励和引导员工积极建言，还要对员工建言进行积极倾听和回应。     

谦卑型领导对员工建言的影响机制研究

探讨谦卑型领导影响员工建言的内在机制,着重分析领导—成员交换的中介作用和权力距离的调节作用。通过调查获得的265份员工及其直接领导的配对数据,运用结构方程模型与层级回归等方法分析发现:谦卑型领导显著地正向影响员工建言,领导—成员交换在谦卑型领导与员工建言关系中起完全中介作用,权力距离显著地负向调节谦卑型领导与员工建言之间的关系。     

心理授权与工作嵌入视角下的变革型领导对下属组织公民行为的影响研究

通过对华北三家制造企业的418位下属及其直接主管的问卷调查,检验了员工心理授权在变革型领导与其组织公民行为之间的中介效应,以及工作嵌入在心理授权对组织公民行为影响中的调节作用。研究结果显示,变革型领导对心理授权和组织公民行为具有正向影响;下属的心理授权完全中介了变革型领导与组织公民行为之间的关系;工作嵌入调节了心理授权对员工组织公民行为的影响。具体而言,工作嵌入程度低时,下属的心理授权对组织公民行为的影响作用较强;工作嵌入程度高时,下属的心理授权对组织公民行为的影响较弱。此外,指出了研究结论的理论与实践意义。     

上级辱虐管理对员工建言行为的影响——来自制造型企业的证据

探讨辱虐管理与建言行为之间的关系,并研究组织自尊和个性控制点在以上关系中的中介和调节作用。以广东省两家大型制造型企业410名下属和111名主管为配对样本,采用验证性因子分析对模型进行检验,运用回归分析方法分析辱虐管理对员工建言行为的影响及其机制,研究组织自尊在其中的中介作用以及员工个性控制点的调节作用。实证结果表明,辱虐管理对员工抑制性建言行为和促进性建言行为均有显著的负向影响,组织自尊在两者之间起到完全中介作用;员工个性控制点对辱虐管理与组织自尊之间的关系具有显著的调节作用,员工个性控制点水平越高(越内控),辱虐管理对组织自尊的负面影响越小;员工个性控制点水平越低(越外控),辱虐管理对组织自尊的负面影响越大。     

谦卑型领导对员工建言行为的影响：教练行为与心理安全感的链式中介模型

通过两项研究,考察谦卑型领导对员工建言行为的影响机制。一项是采用谦卑型领导量表、教练行为量表、员工心理安全感量表和员工建言行为量表,对某连锁企业一线员工进行问卷调查,采用Bootstrap方法进行中介效应检验发现：谦卑型领导更有可能对下属使用教练行为,进而促进员工的建言行为;教练行为在谦卑型领导与员工建言行为之间发挥部分中介作用。另一项研究采用相同工具,考察了不同类型企业的186名员工,结果发现,谦卑型领导通过教练行为提升员工的心理安全感,进一步促进员工的建言行为,显示出显著的链式中介作用。谦卑型领导也可直接提升员工的心理安全感,而其教练行为也可直接促进员工的建言行为。     

社会认同视角下谦卑型领导与员工主动性行为

基于社会认同理论，研究探讨了谦卑型领导对员工主动性行为的作用机制及边界条件.对78位领导和293位员工的匹配数据分析显示，谦卑型领导通过领导认同对员工主动性行为有间接的正向影响.此外，员工权力距离倾向是影响这一过程的重要边界条件.当员工权力距离倾向低时，谦卑型领导通过领导认同对员工主动性行为的积极影响会增强；反之，当员工权力距离倾向高时，这一积极影响不显著.研究从社会认同的视角为谦卑型领导的有效性及如何提高员工的主动性行为提供了理论依据和实证支持.     

威权式领导行为对下属组织公民行为的影响研究——下属权力距离的调节作用

本文采用问卷调查法,对来自于服务行业的337对领导和下属的数据进行回归分析,结果表明威权式领导行为通过影响不同权力距离取向下属对领导的信任程度而影响下属的组织公民行为。具体来说,威权式领导行为通过降低低权力距离取向下属对领导的信任程度进而减少其组织公民行为;相反,威权式领导的负面影响对于高权力距离取向下属会变弱,甚至转化为一种正面影响。文章最后讨论了本研究的理论和实践意义,指出了未来的研究方向。     

基于信任氛围感知与个体主义作用视角的诚信型领导对员工工作态度的影响

通过问卷调查343位被试,从工作需求-资源模型的视角,探讨了诚信型领导对员工态度和行为影响的中介机制及情景因素,包括信任氛围感知、工作投入、组织承诺和个体主义。研究发现,诚信型领导对员工工作投入和组织承诺均有显著正向影响;诚信型领导通过信任氛围感知的中介作用影响员工工作投入及组织承诺;个体主义对信任氛围感知与员工工作投入、组织承诺之间的关系具有调节作用,员工的个体主义越高,信任氛围感知对员工工作投入、组织承诺的积极影响越小。     

领导者自恋影响下属进谏行为的非线性机制研究北大核心CSSCI

为建立中国情境下领导者自恋影响下属进谏行为的理论模型,对心理所有权的中介作用和权力距离倾向的调节作用进行了探索和分析。研究结果表明:领导者自恋倒U形影响下属的进谏行为,适度的领导者自恋有利于下属的进谏行为,而过低和过高的领导者自恋不利于下属的进谏行为;心理所有权中介了领导者自恋与下属进谏行为之间的倒U形关系;权力距离倾向调节了领导者自恋和下属进谏行为,以及领导者自恋与心理所有权之间的倒U形关系。     

自我牺牲型领导对员工工作-家庭平衡的影响:链式中介与集体主义倾向的调节

个体对美好生活追求与企业实践需要,使工作与家庭平衡问题成为当下理论研究的热点.然而,现有研究并未系统揭示自我牺牲型领导对员工工作-家庭平衡影响的作用机制.基于此,本研究以工作-家庭平衡理论为基础,试图构建自我牺牲型领导、基于领导的自尊、工作-家庭增益和工作-家庭平衡之间的链式完全中介模型,以及检验员工集体主义倾向的调节作用.通过对231名员工问卷调查数据进行实证分析,研究结果表明:自我牺牲型领导对员工工作-家庭平衡具有显著的间接积极作用;基于领导的自尊与工作-家庭增益在二者之间发挥着链式完全中介作用;集体主义倾向正向调节自我牺牲型领导与基于领导的自尊之间的正向关系.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.