论宋人的“自得”说与生命的自由意识

宋人的＂自得＂说,是融合儒道、兼取佛禅而用于人生、用于文艺批评的一个突出范例。近年来的研究成果在论证儒学、理学及禅宗思想对＂自得＂说的影响方面,扎实而有力。但论及道家思想的影响时,或材料不足,或语焉不详。探讨以《文子》《庄子》《淮南子》《抱朴子》为代表的道家学说与宋人＂自得＂说的内在联系,以弥补研究中的薄弱,并从生命的自由意识入手,对＂自得＂说做独到的诠释。     

This Harlem life: black families and everyday life in the 1920s and 1930s

This article uses Probation Department files to reconstruct the lives of five ordinary residents of Harlem. It highlights what that black metropolis offered those outside the political and cultural elite, who have dominated historical scholarship, showing how ordinary blacks negotiated the challenges of life in northern neighborhoods, and drew on institutions and organizations, to establish and sustain new lives. We offer the kind of individualized perspective on everyday life that other scholars have provided for high culture, but which does not exist for other realms of existence in Harlem, even in early twentieth century sociological studies of black life. Where scholars seeking to distinguish the neighborhood from a slum have pointed to the prevailing pride and self-confidence of its residents, this article directs attention to more immediate, concrete supports that sustained and enriched life in Harlem. Relationships with spouses, children, siblings and cousins sustained individuals faced with the social reality of living in overcrowded, deteriorating, disease infested housing, subject to the racism of white police, politicians and employers; so too did friendships made in nightclubs, speakeasies, dances and movie theatres, and membership of churches, fraternal organizations, social clubs, and sports clubs and teams.     

日本更生保护制度及其对中国的启示

21世纪以来,《更生保护事业法等部分法律修正案》和"更生保护犯罪被害人施策"制度的施行,使日本更生保护制度进一步完善。为进一步推进中国出狱人保护事业的发展,应当通过借鉴日本更生保护制度,从以下四个方面完善中国的出狱人保护制度:一是制定《出狱人保护法》;二是建立专门的出狱人保护机构;三是采取多样保护措施使出狱人保护的内容具体化;四要兼顾被害人的合法权益。     

论原始崇拜对萧红和迟子建小说儿童梦想世界生成的影响

萧红和迟子建小说儿童视角构成的儿童世界的独特审美形态和文化价值,主要体现在儿童梦想世界层面.运用原型理论来分析,这一儿童梦想世界的构建源于萨满文化万物有灵和万物有神信仰现形成的原始崇拜对作家文化心理的影响.儿童梦想世界的主要构成元素是具有童话特质的自然景色、通灵的女孩形象、慈善的长者形象和人格化的动植物形象.这些元素分别是萨满文化自然崇拜、女神崇拜、祖先崇拜和动植物崇拜的隐形结构.     

汉代相和大曲对楚辞曲式的承续及新变

楚乐在汉代广为流行,汉乐的发展中亦体现出楚乐浸润的痕迹。汉相和大曲不仅艺术上承续了楚乐的风格,作品结构形式上亦同楚乐有着承续关系。相和大曲曲式上有艳、解、趋、乱。"艳"本指楚地乐舞,后渐渐演变为相和大曲曲前的抒情成分;"乱"是楚声旧有之曲式,为相和大曲所吸收,位置仍在曲后,有收束完结之意。"解"与"趋"则是相和大曲在楚乐基础上发展起来的独特的曲式因素。魏晋六朝之时,相和大曲受吴楚新声的影响而有了新的变化,清商大曲进而产生,其"首"或"曲"的音乐地位同相和大曲的"解"是相等的,而其曲前的"和"与"送",亦源于相和旧曲。楚乐、相和大曲与清商大曲间呈现明显的音乐文学结构上的历史承续性和相对稳定性。     

《墨子间诂》与20世纪30-60年代墨学的全面复兴

清末著名的经学家、文字学家孙诒让考订的《墨子间诂》一书,是总结20世纪以前墨学研究成果的重要著作。它集历代墨学研究之所长,为清末与近代学术大师所推崇,为“现代墨学”的复兴扫清了道路,从此中绝近二千年的墨学完全复活并开始勃兴。特别是对20世纪30—60年代墨学的考订校勘、墨家思想、《墨辩》的研究更是起到桥梁的作用。     

文化现代性的视觉观看——二十世纪三四十年代藏区摄影

20世纪30-40年代的藏区摄影呈现出科学主义指导下的视觉再现,这种看似中立客观的影像背后隐藏着文化与视觉的现代性.通过这种视觉呈现,西方人展示了两种关于西藏的想象,本土知识分子的藏区影像则是希冀通过“可见的边地”来引导知识启蒙与现代民族国家的建立.     

试论李白《秋浦歌》与王维《辋川集》的异同

李白《秋浦歌》与王维《辋川集》是天宝后期创作的表现江南秋浦胜境和北方蓝田辋川佳境的两组山水诗。尽管王、李二人没有交往唱和,也没有受到对方的影响,但两组诗还是存在相同之处：它们都继承了南朝大谢、小谢山水诗的艺术传统,运用五绝组诗描写山水景物。《秋浦歌》《辋川集》的差异主要是：李白重主观抒情,王维重客观描摹;李白受民歌影响,追求“诗中有人”,王维则受佛禅影响,追求“诗中有画”、“诗中有禅”。     

“北京学”的腾挪空间及发展策略

“北京学”主要是“城市研究”，应纳入“城市学”范畴。其包含城市史、城市学、城市文化三个层面，开展研究要警惕过度智库热，厘清城市史与教育史的边界，允当叙述城市与文学，并借数据库编年刊。     

Why and how ontology matters: A cartography of neoliberalism(s) and neoliberalization(s)

In this article, I discuss the importance of ontology and its implications, demonstrated in the examples of different approaches to neoliberalism. The lack of careful ontological considerations leads to confusing and often contradictory usages of the term ‘neoliberalism’, obfuscating its usefulness. Instead, I suggest a cartography which consists of integrating two ontological debates - structure-agency and material-ideational - through the interplay between the problematiques of structuration and semiosis, and the operational debate on ideas/interests. In so doing, this cartography can provide readers with various heuristic devices to understand the making of theories, why and how conceptualizations of neoliberalism differ between and within theories and pinpoint the thematic implications of these differences. The translation of this cartography helps to achieve two things, (1) to move beyond the static analyses of neoliberalism and endorse the dynamic understand of neoliberalization processes, (2) to understand why systemic process-based understandings of neoliberalization can create distinctions between analytical understandings of neoliberalism in terms of either the commodification of marketization processes or the marketization of commodification processes.     

Police and Government in the 1990s

This article considers the proposals made for reform of local government and the creation of unitary authorities. It considers the relationship between police forces and local government and the introduction of new management structures for police forces. It argues for coterminous police and district authority boundaries, for district police committees and for closer coordination of police and other local services in the development of crime prevention programmes.     

The Medical Profession and the State: GPs and the GP Contract in the 1960s and the 1990s

This paper examines the two major conflicts between general practitioners and the state in the mid-1960s and again at the end of the 1980s. In the mid-1960s morale in general practice was low, but GPs emerged with a strong endorsement from government for their professional autonomy. In 1990 morale was high, but government succeeded in imposing a new contract on GPs that sought to increase their accountability. GPs have always defended their status as "independent contractors". However, the paper argues that GPs saw this status as a means of protecting their professional freedom and autonomy. When the government treated them more as independent contractors in 1990 and demanded more specific terms, GPs did not like it. Furthermore, the new GPs' contract was introduced alongside the new internal market of the NHS, which has had further implications for GPs' status as independent contractors.     

论葛洪对道教忠孝伦理发展的历史贡献

葛洪对道教忠孝伦理发展的历史贡献集中体现在处理“忠孝与修道”这一内在矛盾上.葛洪一方面竭力辩护“修道不违忠孝,更是大忠大孝”,另一方面提出求仙“当以忠孝为本”的思想,有力地消解了统治阶级对道教的疑虑,促使了道教忠孝伦理的发展.     

典型论在中国二十世纪三四十年代的内涵、争论与运用

社会学模式向社会政治学模式的演化,在整个新文学运动中是普遍的,但因文体特征的不同,其转化的途径与表现形式并不相同.典型问题在20年代便已受到了理论上的关注.胡风与周扬关于典型的表面激烈的辩论,可以让我们明白作为小说领域社会政治学模式兴起的直接途径的典型论之具体内涵.在这一辩论中所表达出来的两方面观点,直接奠定了此后约半个世纪典型论问题的总体格局.典型的艺术概括是有一定历史界限的,即只能从处于大同小异的社会环境下的同一社会群的个人里面抽出本质的特点来概括成一个特定的典型.一个文学上的典型,同时一定是这个人物所由来的社会关系之反映.胡风对于典型的特殊性的说明,仅仅着眼于与别的群体及其个人的比较,从而取消了同一群体内各个体之间的差异问题.胡风典型论中的普遍性,受到了阶级的、时代的、地域的种种限制,他是用对普遍性的限制来代替了个体差异性的缺失.周扬对于胡风典型论的缺陷其实并没有深入的认识,他仅仅抓住了胡风忽视个体特性这一点作出修正.然而,周扬恰恰对于普遍性与个体性之间的关系没有作出任何说明.这样,普遍性与个体性就互相游离了,个体性成为一种外加在普遍性上的东西.周扬观点的这一缺陷其实也是长时间占统治地位的上述典型论所存在的共同问题.当众多的马克思主义文艺家与小说家将人的特点分为共同的与特殊的两个方面时,他们已经犯了割裂两者的错误.其实,个性的生成也有普遍性的原因,正是普遍性通过曲折的途径展现为个性.个性是由先天的气质、性别的差异,经由后天的环境、教育及经历诸因素的作用而形成的.典型问题的突出,标志着普遍性与必然性的上升以及个体性与偶然性的被消解.由于看不到个体性与共同性,特殊性与普遍性的相互贯通与相互生成,在强调必然性、普遍性的典型论的优势地位面前,个体性与偶然性就成为一种外加的亦即并非有机的成分,这就是小说创作中长时期存在、并愈趋严重的观念化弊病的理论根源之所在.恰恰是这样一个重要的理论问题,长期以来没有被弄清过.典型论对于小说创作的影响,其势头正愈益健旺.小说领域中的社会学模式的政治化,正是在典型论的健旺发展中完成的.典型论将作者的立场视为写作的第一前提.典型论中内蕴着政治性与真实性、简单的观念设定与复杂的现实的矛盾:在典型的创造中有一种捏塑作用,这种捏塑作用,自必受到作者的价值观以至政治倾向的影响,而典型的塑造又是必须从客观而复杂的现实中取得其素材的.在典型论中,政治性因素本即易于膨胀起来.40年代初,典型理论中的政治性与真实性的矛盾便已暴露.以典型论为中心的社会政治学模式的小说观,具有一种消解散文性与诗性的性质.