从族群认同走向民族认同——20世纪中后期广西的民族识别研究之三

本文认为,族群是偏重于文化特征的概念,民族是偏重于政治的概念。广西历史上就已经形成了12个各自具有共同历史来源、文化上各具特点并内部认同的族群,经过民族识别,这些族群被确定为民族,使他们从族群认同走向民族认同。但是,这种民族认同是建立在族群认同的基础之上的。     

Between Neo-liberalism and Neo-indigenismo: Reconstructing National Identity in Mexico

Heightened integration with the US coupled with the rise of an indigenous movement have challenged and strained long-held images regarding the US and the indigenous within Mexico. As a result, Mexico finds itself facing the difficult task of re-evaluating and reconstructing its national identity. This paper explores the traditional images of the US and the Indian shaping national identity in Mexico and the challenges posed today by neo-liberalism and neo-indigenismo. It sets out a range of current issues, explores the linkages and contradictions, and examines the state of national reform. Fundamentally, the paper strives to raise important theoretical questions and hence set the stage for further research into these issues.     

以共同历史记忆构筑中华民族共有精神家园

共同历史记忆具有共有性、时代性、建构性和凝聚性等鲜明特征,对展示中华文化符号、体现中华民族形象、铸牢中华民族共同体意识、促进各民族交往交流交融、构筑中华民族共有精神家园、增强中华民族凝聚力和向心力,发挥重要的载体依托、桥梁支撑和价值彰显作用。中华民族共同历史记忆是由各民族共同拥有的中华优秀传统文化、共同书写的革命文化、共同弘扬的社会主义先进文化的符号和标识等组成,是各族人民的感情依托、心灵归宿和精神家园,需要我们守护、传承、阐释和弘扬。     

从帝国体系到民族国家:中华民族的形成与发展

实现中华民族的伟大复兴是国家建设的基本战略.中华民族的发展孕育了今天的中国,而今天中国的国家建设则是中华民族复兴的根本基础.中华民族是在多民族的聚合与整合基础上形成和发展起来,有深厚的历史、社会与文化基础.以1911年的辛亥革命为界,在此前后,将中华民族汇聚成为一个有机整体的政治共同体呈现的形式不同.在 1911年之前,这个共同体是传统的中华帝国体系;而在1911年之后,随着清王朝的灭亡和帝国体系的瓦解,这个共同体就是逐渐确立和发展的现代民族国家.在现代化过程中,中华民族的整体进步与发展与中国的现代民族国家建设相伴相随.     

Malta: Language,Literacy and Identity in a Mediterranean Island Society

Available documentation for the early modern period indicates that the Malta harbour towns achieved literacy earlier than the countryside. The Maltese townsmen lived on a trading route, and it was necessary for them to learn the lingua franca, as the language of trade in the Mediterranean. The educated élite were able to acquire fluent speaking knowledge, as well as the ability to write, Tuscan (a dialect then in the process of becoming standard Italian), while continuing to employ their local Maltese 'dialect' on numerous occasions. By and large, the erosion of the position of Maltese as the subordinate language was an inevitable by-product of this development. The Maltese language was able to attain the function of a literary language in the nineteenth century but it had no standard orthography until 1931 and was only adopted as Malta's official language in 1964.     

中华民族认同与铸牢中华民族共同体意识

中华民族认同和中华民族共同体意识是研究中华民族问题时不能回避的两个概念。当前学界在研究铸牢中华民族共同体意识问题时出现了忽视中华民族认同问题,强调的“共同性”是指56个民族之间的共同性,把中华民族作为56个民族的总称,甚至否认中华民族是民族实体。中华民族认同是中华民族共同体意识的基底与主干,中华民族认同和中华民族共同体意识都体现着对“中华民族”的情感归属与赞同。铸牢中华民族共同体意识要建构科学的中华民族观,并在社会生活中传播中华民族知识,同时,要依据中华民族的结构、历史、文化等民族特点来构建中华民族的经济、政治、文化和命运共同体。     

浅析加拿大民族状况和民族政策

本文介绍了加拿大土著民族的状况及民族政策,并对中、加民族政策进行了分析与比较.     

流动的味觉观：迁居彝人的饮食通感、“家乡”体验与记忆认同

受人类学理论的“感官转向”“物质转向”等交叉影响,饮食人类学研究更加关注到食物怎样在跨地区、跨文化和跨民族交流中积极塑造个体或群体的身份、信仰、健康,乃至整个社群的结构转型等问题。通过对离开故乡、迁居外地的彝人的饮食个案研究,重点探讨民族传统饮食与社会记忆如何在流动语境中创造出一种由饮食通感锁定的“味觉观”。对流动的味觉观的民族志研究可帮助我们深入理解全球化背景下由饮食文化引出的文化建构、族群边界、文化审美、道德区分等问题。     

试论市场经济体制下的民族文化与民族关系

民族传统文化,不仅对本民族内部成员具有内聚性,而且随着时代的发展,会不断注入新鲜的血液,在发展社会主义民族关系中具有举足轻重的作用;保护和利用宝贵的民族文化遗产,由静态变为动态,给民族关系的发展赋予时代意义;市场经济体制下人员交流,互学语言,族际通婚,无疑拉近了民族间的关系;市场经济体制对文化与民族关系会有一些负面影响,处理不好,会酿成不安定因素,必须正视。     

The athlete as model minority subject: Jose Bautista and Canadian multiculturalism

The discourse of multiculturalism disguises complicated racial dynamics in nations such as Canada. Although white privilege persists, it tends to be mediated through non-white figures who can engender consent from other minority members. These figures have been called model minorities, a role that is well-tailored to celebrated athletes. Athletes who fill the role of model minority represent the ideal immigrant citizen: English-speaking, middle class/bourgeois, disciplined, and hard-working. As such, they serve a disciplinary function for other immigrants by demonstrating how it is they should act and producing a standard against which they are evaluated. The model minority has become a crucial representational figure for multicultural nations like Canada because the political economy of these states requires cheap labour that can be hyper-exploited through the dehumanization of racialization. Drawing on articles in Toronto's most prominent newspapers, I argue that Toronto Blue Jays baseball star Jose Bautista has recently assumed the status of a model minority. I elaborate the functions of the model minority through a reading of Bautista's representation.     

Incense and holy bread: the sense of belonging through ritual among Middle Eastern Christians in Denmark

ABSTRACT

This article investigates how two Middle Eastern Christian churches in Denmark are constructed as particular sensorial spaces that invite attendees to participate in and identify with specific times and spaces. As with other Christian groups, rituals of the Sunday mass constitute a highlight of the activities that confirm the congregations’ faith and community, but for members of a minority faith, these rituals also serve other functions related to identification and belonging. Inspired by a practice-oriented [Bell, Catherine. (1992). Ritual Practice, Ritual Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press] and phenomenological approach to place-making [Cresswell, Tim. (2002). “Introduction: Theorizing Place.” In Mobilizing Place, Placing Mobility: The Politics of Representation in a Globalized World, edited by Ginette Verstraete and Tim Cresswell, 11–32. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi B.V.] through sensory communication [Leistle, Bernard. (2006). “Ritual as Sensory Communication: A Theoretical and Analytical Perspective.” In Ritual and Identity: Performative Practices as Effective Transformations of Social Reality, edited by Klaus-Peter Köpping, Bernhard Leistle, and Michael Rudolph, 33–74. Berlin: LIT Verlag; Pink, Sarah. (2009). Doing Sensory Ethnography. London: Sage], the article examines constructions of religious identity and belonging through ritual practices. The findings stem from fieldwork carried out in 2014–2015 and are part of a larger cross-disciplinary study of Egyptian, Iraqi and Assyrian Christians in Denmark. We argue that in various ways, the ritual forms a performative space for memory and belonging which, through bodily practices and engagement with the materialities of the church rooms, creates a memory that reconnects the practitioners with places elsewhere. More specifically, we argue that the Sunday ritual facilitates the connection with God and the eternal, a place and time with fellow believers, and a relocation to remember and re-enter a pre-migration past and ‘homeland’.     

中华民族认同:中华民族共有精神家园的建设目标

从社会主义文化体系的内在构成来看,中华民族共有精神家园可以定位为"民族认同文化",其建设目标在于弘扬和强化中华民族认同意识.在中华民族共有精神家园的建设过程中,要把培养和强化中华民族认同意识作为导向和目标,要注意确认和保护少数民族文化的应有地位,要注意消除影响中华民族认同意识的地方主义思维和民族主义思潮,要加强对中国"多元一体"多民族国家形成的历史与现实的宣传教育.     

Denying systemic inequality in segregated Chilean schools: race-neutral discourses among administrative and teaching staff

This article addresses the educational context in which ethnically segregated high poverty schools operate in Chile, and the ways that inequalities within these establishments are understood by members of their administrative and teaching staff. In particular we draw attention to the unwillingness of the majority of these employees to name or recognize specific forms of institutional inequality. Following critical pedagogy literature we argue that the Chilean education system reproduces a fear of talk among teachers working in areas with high density indigenous populations, which obscures unequal social structures and opportunities for specific (class, gender, ethnic) groups in school contexts. Based on data from 12 interviews with school staff and observations from four schools in southern Chile, we analyze how intersecting inequality is discursively reduced by predominantly white teachers to individual deficit, de-politicized geographical problems of access to schooling, and the normalizing of low achievement across schools with students from similar backgrounds.     

地方精英与族群认同——一个村庄族群记忆的研究

本文通过对一个地方族群的案例分析,试图从地方精荚的话语表述和行为分析来探讨地方精英是如何影响地方族群记忆和地方族群认同的,并进一步强调族群的一些符号特征对于维持和凝聚族群的重要意义.     

论民族权利与国家整合

现代民族国家的兴起与发展,在人类社会引发了两大政治潮流:一是民族独立运动,即寻求自由、独立和平等的民族力图建立民族独立国家;二是国家整合运动,即民族国家力图以共同的国家认同为基础,有机整合国内各民族,从而建立一体化的民族国家共同体。于是,在全球范围内,民族与国家之间就出现极为复杂的政治关系。本文主要探讨在民族国家建设过程中,国家整合与保障国内少数民族权力之间的内在关系。     

民族认同与国家认同研究述评

民族认同与国家认同的研究一直以来都是学界关注的重点内容之一,学者们为此进行了不懈的努力,成就卓然。文章通过对目前国内外民族认同和国家认同的相关研究成果进行系统梳理,指出通过引入身份认同理论,把群体或个体的意识和行为同文化和社会结构因素联系起来,从综合性、历时性的动态视角来研究民族问题,并由此总结出民族认同与国家认同变迁的规律或机理,将会更好地服务于现实社会。     

加强中华民族历史观教育的现状考察与对策

对中华民族的认同是中华民族历史观的核心 ,既关系中国国家的统一和稳定 ,又决定中国民族的团结和繁荣。民族分裂主义是对中华民族历史观的反动 ,泛突厥主义是新疆民族分裂主义之根 ,西方反华势力妄图分裂中国是“西藏独立”产生之源。要在各民族中树立正确的中华民族历史观 ,必须在各民族中加强中华民族历史观的教育。这一教育不能仅仅停留在少数人的范围里 ,应该扩大到全民的范围 ;不能仅仅停留在学术的层面上 ,而应该上升到政治和政策的层面 ;不能仅仅作为民间团体行为运行 ,而应该作为党和政府的行为运作。中华民族历史观教育的战略思路是强化中华民族意识。     

从新视角看中国近代史的基本线索

本文从新的视角重新梳理了中国近代史的基本线索,即把中国近代史放进整个世界近代历史发展进程和中华民族形成史中,以此为视角,认为中国近代史有三条基本线索,即中国近代史是中华民族反对帝国主义,争取民族独立和解放的过程;中华民族在各层次上实现近代转型和现代化的过程;中华民族走向自觉联合的过程。     

民国时期的边文教材与藏族学生国家意识的培育

教科书是链接国家、知识精英与社会大众的纽带,是塑造共同认同的有力工具。南京国民政府较为重视边文教材的编译与使用,希冀借此推进少数民族学生的国家认同建设。抗战胜利后,教育部下设的国立边疆文化教育馆编译了一套《国文藏文对照初级小学语文常识课本》,试图分别从政治、民族、历史、文化四个方面入手,对藏族学生的国家意识进行塑造。边文教材的编译者考虑到了藏族学生的接受能力,循序渐进地编译教材内容,同时非常注重在编译中加入乡土元素,也很注意内外有别的问题,这些都有助于藏族学生在潜移默化中形成对中华民族的认同。虽然编译边文教材是南京国民政府推进国家认同建设的重要工程,但由于当时的国家治理能力有限,加之国民党深陷内战,无暇顾及边疆教育等客观因素,该套教材最终并没有大规模和持续性地对藏族社会产生影响。     

新传播媒介铸牢中华民族共同体意识的功能

由传播技术迭代与革命而衍生的新传播媒介,为当前铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供了一种重要载体。当前,以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为目标,新传播媒介应承担起强化各民族历史记忆,培育各民族公民意识,增进各民族国家认同等主要功能。在现实生活中,充分发挥新传播媒介这三种功能,可以分别为铸牢中华民族共同体意识奠定心理基础、身份基础、政治基础。同时,我们还应当看到新传播媒介是一把双刃剑,规制其负面影响是正确运用新传播媒介的必要前提。