Minorities to the left: ethno-linguistic identification and vote in Europe

This paper aims at analysing the influence of ethnic and linguistic identities on voting preferences in the left–right ideological scale. Its innovative contribution relays on studying minorities’ voting preferences across 23 European nations, using as dependent variable a novel measurement which combines past voting declaration and experts’ numerical definition on political parties (Chapel Hill Experts Survey). By applying multilevel regression techniques, individual and contextual determinants of voting behaviour are identified, focusing on minorities’ leftist preferences. The results show how ethnic and linguistic identities affect voters’ behaviour, although this impact varies depending on how the left–right dimension is defined (economy or social values) and on some minorities’ characteristics. In addition, the use of hierarchical analysis shows how country-level fractionalisation (ethnic and linguistic) affects individual preferences beyond personal ethno-linguistic identifications.     

青海民族文化个性论

青海自古以来是多民族的地区 ,各民族在历史发展的进程中创造了丰富灿烂、独具特色的民族文化 ,并突出地体现出民族文化的传承性、地域性、民族性、宗教性的特点     

Partisans of Nation-States: Comparing the Role of Minority Identities in New Zealand and Finland

Cultural diversity and the decentralisation of cultural self-determination are principal aims in the cultural strategies of modern western countries. However, there is no general agreement as to which groups should be granted such autonomy, or about who should be regarded as the authentic spokesmen for their groups. This article asks how two smallish but developed countries, Finland and New Zealand have historically arranged the status of their cultural minorities. The comparison is based on the cultural differences between these two countries, which have similar views on political rights and share a similar dependence on a limited number of economic sources. The chief guides of my reasoning have been Michael Volkerling's notion of cultural policies as ‘difference-engines’ and Alessandro Pizzorno's conception of ‘partisan identities’. The analysis showed that the State has, in both cases, actively interfered with the construction of sub-identities. This was done by carefully creating the channels of negotiation, and specifying the individuals actually involved in the negotiations about minority rights. These ‘appropriate national sub-identities’ have ensured a stability for the state, but have simultaneously led to enormous social concentrations of power within and between the groups themselves.     

Consequences of religious and secular boundaries among the majority population for perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities in Western Europe

While the concept of symbolic boundaries and ethnic boundary-making is well established in social research, the direct consequences of these boundaries for the integration of migrants have not received much attention. This paper thus analyses whether religious and secular boundaries of national belonging among the majority population have an impact on perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities in Western Europe. To analyse this linkage, data from the International Social Survey Programme measuring the importance of religion as a symbolic boundary of national belonging among the majority have been aggregated as a regional context condition and combined with a Muslim minority subsample from the European Social Survey. The results of the multilevel models reveal that the salience of religious boundaries is associated with less perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities, while secular orientations among the majority seem to be more decisive for subjective perceptions of feeling discriminated against. Overall, the results thus challenge the role of religion as an ethno-religious demarcation and point to the relevance of secular boundaries of belonging for immigrant integration.     

欧洲国家少数群体集体族群身份认定问题探析

“少数群体”的认定和承认问题,是和“少数群体”界定既相联系又有区别的一个问题。在欧洲,对“少数群体”成员个体身份认定,逐渐认同了“自我认同”原则。而在集体身份方面,欧洲通常采取国家认定或承认的方式。不过,欧洲国家在认定和承认族群集体身份时,门槛过高、缺乏“识别”过程、主观进行族群归类、添加一些附加条件等特征或不足。对此,有必要将“少数群体”的标准区分为“核心特征”和“外在条件”,将“在族群、文化、宗教或语言方面有异于主体民族”“表达了维护群体身份的意愿”作为认定或确定少数群体存在的“核心特征”,而将“公民身份、居住时长、人口因素”作为“少数群体”存在的外在条件。“核心特征”可以确定“少数群体”的存在,而“外在条件”则作为少数群体获得某种特殊权利或优惠的资格。     

周恩来关于发展少数民族教育的思想

周恩来是伟大的马克思主义者和无产阶级革命家,是中国共产党和中华人民共和国的卓越领导人.建国初期,周恩来结合我国的国情,提出了许多民族教育的思想和主张,并创造性地制定和实行了一系列民族教育的方针和政策.     

少数民族风俗习惯的保持或改革

本文论证了在社会主义现代化建设时期 ,对民族风俗习惯保持或改革的必然性、必要性。     

Palestinians and the Arab Uprisings: political activism and narratives of home,homeland, and home-camp

This article examines the ways in which Palestinians have been affected by the Arab Uprisings and their aftermath, especially in light of their statelessness and protracted refugeedom. It does so by analysing the narratives of 49 Palestinians who were based in France, Sweden, and the UK at the time of interview between 2012 and 2014. We show that the forms of mobilisation and/or identifications that Palestinians in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and beyond engaged in with regard to the Arab Uprisings, transcended the link between the host state and the homeland. They extended to a plurality of in-between spaces such as Palestinian refugee camps, Arab host states, and Arab countries experiencing the uprisings. We argue that these in-between spaces became salient to broader conceptions of Palestinian identity and activism because Palestinian-ness is shaped not only through attachment to place, but also through particular experiences that are associated with Palestinian identity.     

少数民族地区突发公共事件治理浅析

近年来,中国少数民族地区突发公共事件的频发度与危害的严重性均呈上升趋势,已经明显阻碍了少数民族地区的经济发展乃至社会稳定。本文在对中国少数民族地区突发公共事件的表现形态、特征与产生原因等方面的特殊性进行深入分析的基础上,试图提出构建少数民族地区突发公共事件治理机制的基本思路。     

Identity,difference and community in Southern Irish Protestantism: The Protestants of West Cork

This article looks at how the Protestants of West Cork came to terms with Irish independence, and how they have responded to the major social and political changes of the past decades. West Cork Protestants are geographically peripheral to the Southern Protestant population as a whole, and have a weaker socio-economic profile. They live in an area that saw some of the fiercest fighting and worst atrocities in the war of independence and civil war. Their experience throws considerable light on issues of whether Protestants were a privileged or oppressed minority, and whether and how they integrated into the new state. Extensive in-depth interviews are used to show how West Cork Protestants reconstructed their identity, defined their differences from Catholics and maintained community in the years since independence.     

肯定性行动计划与美国少数民族高等教育的发展

自 2 0世纪 60年代中期以来 ,美国实施肯定性行动计划 ,通过实行特别招生计划、加大对少数民族学生的财政资助、加强补习教育、开设少数民族研究课程等措施 ,有力地促进了美国少数民族高等教育的发展。但近年来 ,肯定性行动计划在美国引发了激烈的争论 ,一些州甚至取消了肯定性行动计划 ,这很可能导致美国少数民族高等教育的严重倒退     

Practising transnational citizenship: dual nationality and simultaneous political involvement among emigrants

Acceptance of dual citizenship allows migrants to naturalise in the country of residence (CoR) without giving up their former citizenship. For migrant sending countries the question emerges whether emigrants who acquire another citizenship are less attached to and politically active in the country of origin than those who do not. This would be the assumption of traditional perspectives on migration and citizenship. However, according to the transnational perspective neither multiple nationalities, nor participation in and identification with the CoR, preclude ongoing ties and participation back home. We test these perspectives with survey data on Swiss citizens residing in France, Germany, Italy and the US. Our results suggest that Swiss dual citizens abroad are not significantly less attached to and active in Switzerland than their mono national counterparts. Our data further supports the transnational perspective by showing not only simultaneity, but a mutually reinforcing relationship when transnational citizenship is practised. Identification with, and political participation in, the CoR positively relates to equivalent feelings and activities in the country of origin. Since dual citizenship sets the legal foundation for simultaneous involvement in two countries, it correctly assumes a central place in the study of transnational citizenship.     

西藏政局变革中的蒙古族因素

蒙古族以宗教为先导 ,从 13世纪起 ,在西藏政局变革中起了重要作用。萨迦派、格鲁派的兴起都与蒙古族的支持密不可分 ,清朝入藏也含有蒙古族因素     

The social distance of Poles to other minorities: a study of four cities in Germany and Britain

This contribution investigates the social distance of immigrants from Poland in four Western European cities – London, Birmingham, Berlin and Munich – particularly Polish immigrants’ distance towards members of ethnic, religious and sexual minorities in their various social roles. Presenting unique data from the first wave of a longitudinal qualitative study, we first discuss the differential levels of social distance that Polish immigrants place between themselves and members of minority groups in each city. We find that respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics impact their social distance, but their education and occupation may have less of an effect than their place of origin in Poland or current place of residence and work. Moreover, these factors work differentially across the four cities. After analysing social distance with respect to three dimensions of difference – ethnicity, religion and sexuality – we find several different social-distancing mechanisms. Ultimately, we argue that social science needs to consider regional and local contexts in which social attitudes towards minorities are acquired and exercised. Similarly, we need to reflect on the group’s presumed homogeneity and on the unifying visions of the ‘host society’ as a site of migrants’ incorporation.     

Constructing a social space for Alevi political identity: religion,antagonism and collective passion

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses the construction of an Alevi political identity in terms of cultural, social and religious values at a time when the role of religion is increasing in the political life of Turkey. It indicates the emergence of a new form of conflict and hegemonic articulation between Sunnism and Alevism that offers an alternative means of conflict resolution by the Alevi political agents within a radical pluralism and agonistic democracy. It also argues that the social construction of Alevi political identity is both a political project and an ontological question as this identity focuses on religious discourses in establishing a counter-hegemonic culture through mobilizing political ‘collective passion’.     

发掘少数民族文化资源 为龙江文化大发展大繁荣增添动力

本文认为,要充分发掘内容丰富、特点鲜明的少数民族文化,为黑龙江文化大发展大繁荣提供宝贵资源;深刻领会精神实质,充分认识少数民族文化对推动黑龙江文化大发展大繁荣的重要作用;贯彻落实黑龙江省委十届十八次全会精神,全力推进黑龙江省少数民族文化大繁荣大发展。     

台湾世居少数民族源于东夷说述论

靠近渤海、黄海的海岱地区是古代东夷人的主要聚居地,而台湾世居少数民族与古代东夷人有着较多相同的文化特质,可能主要源自东夷.     

Reframing national locality: religious minorities using history to transform local experience in Georgia

In the Republic of Georgia, Baptists are marginalized minorities vis-à-vis the powerful Georgian Orthodox Church. In recent years, Baptists have adopted ‘culturally relevant’ reforms, incorporating Orthodox symbols and sensibilities into worship and administration. These reforms also include the deployment of a historical narrative identifying them as authentic members of the ostensibly Orthodox national community. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among Georgian Baptists, I investigate how they use history to constitute new frames for interpreting themselves as appropriate to local contexts. Revising their history has helped constitute a viable national identity by ‘localizing’ Baptist faith and experience in the Georgian Orthodox milieu.