DSM-5: An Overview of Changes and Controversies

The DSM-5 offers many changes in the criteria and categories used in clinical diagnosis. The provocative and sometimes controversial nature of the changes has enlivened debate in the mental health field about how we should best understand our clients. I selectively survey what is new in DSM-5, why changes were made, and what about them is so controversial. First, I summarize the main metastructural and organizational changes, including elimination of the multiaxial system and changed chapter groupings. Second, I survey the most important new categories of disorder and the most important changes to the diagnostic criteria for existing categories of disorder. I focus on particularly controversial changes, such as those to substance use and addictive disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Pros and cons are provided for changes in criteria as well as for the addition of new disorder categories, such as hoarding disorder and binge eating disorder. Finally, I offer a more in-depth review and analysis of the changes to the depressive disorders chapter, which was subject to some of the most intense controversies and had some of the most extensive changes.     

Commitments to Fathering and the Well‐Being and Social Participation of New,Disadvantaged Fathers

This study uses data on 2,494 new fathers from the Fragile Families Study to analyze why and how the arrival of a new child may influence fathers’ well‐being and social participation. Our regression results indicate that changes in commitments to fathering are positively associated with changes in well‐being, religious participation, and hours in paid labor. The one exception is that increases in fathers’ engagement activities with their new child are negatively associated with changes in their hours in paid labor. The findings suggest that increases in commitments to fathering after the arrival of a new child are generally beneficial for fathers. In addition, greater commitments to fathering seem likely to benefit mothers, children, and society at large.     

A Child's Conception of Another World: A Chinese Boy's View of Canada

This case study explores the development of a six-year-old Chinese boy of an immigrant family from Hong Kong, who was placed in a new physical, social and cultural context: Canada. In this study, the following four themes are adopted to explain the relevant changes: changes of space and time, changes of roles and relationship, changes of networks and media, and changes of status and identity. During the research process, it was found that if there is support from the family and the school, the adjustment of the child seems easier than is the case with adults; because it is easier for the child to learn a new language, the child has less resistance to new identities and to other ethnic groups. This study provides useful information for assisting human service professionals who are working with Chinese immigrant families with young children, as well as insights for researchers conducting qualitative research on young children.     

伦敦、纽约、东京经济转型的经验及其借鉴

目前上海正处于转型发展之中,日益呈现出许多非常规、非线性、非典型的新变化,同时也将带来许多充满悬念、令人疑难的新问题。为积极应对上海转型发展中的新变化与新问题,学习与借鉴国际经验,特别是20世纪60-80年代伦敦、纽约和东京等城市经济转型的典型案例,有助于准确把握城市转型的特有规律,更好地指导上海转型发展的实践探索。     

Revisiting Violence in New Destinations: Exploring the Drop in Latino Homicide Victimization in Emerging Immigrant Communities, 2000 to 2010

The turn of the twentieth century brought important demographic shifts among Latinos, including increasing settlement of both foreign-born and domestic Latinos into “new destination” regions and communities with little previous exposure to such populations. In turn, some scholars find higher rates of Latino victimization in these new destination communities, but there is little empirical research exploring whether and how these same locales fare today. Our goal is to address this gap in the literature by examining how lethal violence against Latinos in new immigrant destination communities has changed over the 2000 to 2010 decade. Using data from the National Vital Statistics System, we construct hybrid fixed- and random-effects models to examine the predictors of changes in Latino homicide victimization over time. Results suggest that (1) despite the turmoil of the Great Recession, new destinations experienced a sizable drop in Latino victimization, (2) this drop has resulted in new destinations now having lower levels of Latino victimization than other destination types, and (3) 70% of this change is attributable to changes in Latino family structure, including married and extended families, as well as changes in language use in new destinations. We conclude by discussing our findings and their implications for researchers and policymakers.     

Transforming Governmental Systems

Governmental as well as other public systems are facing new challenges due to, among other things, current information technology trends and changes in peoples’ lifestyles. Hence, ideas of web services for the citizens and agencies accessible over the net 24-hours per day are born. However, in order to implement this new type of net-based services a set of accessibility, integrity and security problems and hindrances are to be overcome. Further, the methodological challenges are far from unproblematic. Neither the artefact approach nor the approach of social systems design seems to be directly applicable. Instead, an approach called pragmatic systemics is proposed. At last, organizational transformation is not only a technical problem. Seen in a systemic perspective, the technological changes and the introduction of new artefacts have to be carefully balanced with changes in human competence, organizational structures, and system culture.     

The "amnesty" aftermath: current policy issues stemming from the legalization programs of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act

"The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) created two one-time only legalization programs affecting nearly 3 million undocumented immigrants. Legalization has produced important changes among immigrants and in immigration policy. These changes include new patterns of immigrant social and economic adaptation to the United States and new immigrant flows through family ties to IRCA-legalized aliens.... This article combines data from a longitudinal survey of the IRCA-legalized population with qualitative field data on current immigration issues from key informants in eight high-immigration metropolitan areas. It reviews the political evolution and early implementation of legalization, the current socioeconomic position of legalized aliens, and changes in the immigration ?policy space' resulting from legalization."     

Erosion der Arbeitsregulierung?

The article refers to the discussion concerning the dramatic changes in the regulation of labor. There is no doubt that these changes really exist. But there is no agreement with respect to the degree and the direction of these changes. The article argues that the observable developments must not be interpreted as a dissolving of regulations, but as a process of re-regulation which takes place mainly in the fields of working-time and performance and which is fuelled to a great extent by the market-oriented reorganization of company structures. A case study of the Airbus production site in Nordenham (Germany) concentrates on how the impulses of company reorganisation are incorporated into the arena of industrial relations and how they lead to contingent processes of the construction of new regulations. One central empirical finding of the case study is that the new forms of production management as well as the emerging new regimes of regulation are still far from being as coherent as their fordistic predecessors.     

Knowledge,identity and the middle class: from collective to individualised class formation?

This paper highlights a number of strong indications of important changes in the work and labour market experiences of professionals and managers, the core of the ‘new middle class’(nmc) in most contemporary class theories. Following an outline of some of these changes, it is argued that several central theoretical strategies shared by class theorists -notably a residual ‘functional essentialism’ and the choice of microfoundations - prevent them from adequately theorising these changes. The paper offers an altemative approach to theorising the contemporary nmc that avoids the reductionism of many existing approaches, and that is grounded in microfoundations focused on the relation of narratively constructed identities to social action. On this basis, an account of the contemporary emergence of a new segment of the nmc, the ‘nmc bricoleur’, is outlined, and its relation to empirical studies of the changing nmc is suggested. The paper concludes with some speculations about the likely future of Anglophone new middle classes.     

Employment,flexible working and the family

This paper assesses some of the implications of one of the major social changes to have taken place in the West during the second half of the twentieth century--that is, the increased employment of women, together with normative changes in gender relations and in women's expectations. These changes have been linked to an increase in individualism, which itself is associated with the transcendence of 'first modernity'. Thus it is suggested that new approaches to social analysis are required (Beck). Here it is argued that, rather than develop completely new approaches in order to grasp the changes that are under way, the 'economic' and the 'social' (that is, employment and the family) should be seen as intertwined, rather than approached as separate phenomena. Past debates in feminism, changes in the family, and flexible employment are critically examined. The growing tensions between employment and family life are discussed. It is argued that these changes are associated with the intensification of capitalist development, rather than reflecting a fundamental transformation of society. Existing approaches to the analysis of social change, including Polanyi's analysis of the development of 'counter-movements' against the 'self-regulating' market, will, therefore, still be relevant to our enquiries. In the concluding section, a programme of research that would examine these changes is outlined.     

Protecting the rights of the child in romania: Childrens rights perspectives on romanias 1997 child care reforms

This article analyses the reforms to Romanias child care legislation introduced in 1997. It uses two perspectives on childrens rights to link the changes to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The first perspective reviews the new legislation in terms of childrens rights to provision, protection, and participation, paying particular regard to the wider economic and social policy context of the reforms; the second looks at the new laws in terms of the implications of childrens rights for the family, the community, the state, and the international community. Throughout the discussion, attention is drawn to changes in social work management and practice which will be required to make a reality of the new legislation. The article then considers the way in which the discourse of childrens rights has been used to justify changes to the law on inter-country adoption. It is argued that the new legislation has actually secured the place of inter-country adoption in Romania whilst professing to give priority to domestic alternatives, and that reference to childrens rights has been used to justify and disguise this outcome. The discussion thereby highlights the vulnerability of the childrens rights discourse to the demands of international politics.     

对我国当前宏观经济形势的思考

2012年以来,我国经济增长面临较大下行压力。正确认识和把握当前经济形势,需要将经济发展的新变化放到中长期经济发展趋势中分析。近年来的经济形势变化以及宏观政策方向的短周期调整反映了政策在增长、结构和物价3个重要调控目标之间的困难选择。从更深层次看,这实质上表明我国经济发展已经度过了规模快速扩张的阶段,必须摆脱传统路径依赖,走新型工业化道路。现在,经济转型的长期性问题正以周期波动的短期性现象表现出来,即短期内宏观经济总供求矛盾的变化和相应的宏观政策调控方向的变换,实际上反映的是我国经济发展阶段和发展方式正在和必须发生重大变化。     

New Directions in Immigration Policy: Canada's Evolving Approach to the Selection of Economic Immigrants

Canada's immigration system is currently undergoing significant change driven by several goals that include (1) a desire to improve the economic outcomes of entering immigrants; (2) an attempt to better respond to short‐term regional labor market shortages often associated with commodity booms, and (3) a desire to shift immigration away from the three largest cities to other regions of the country. These goals reflect the implementation of new immigration programs in the 2000s. The paper discusses the recent changes to Canadian immigration policy, examines preliminary evaluations of the new programs and discusses potential future issues emanating from the changes.     

加快转变发展方式与“十二五”基本公共服务均等化的基本目标

推进基本公共服务均等化是我国改革发展新阶段为适应公共需求变化所做出的一项重大战略决策。文章就＂十二五＂期间推进基本公共服务均等化的意义和挑战进行了分析,进而提出了＂十二五＂期间基本公共服务均等化的基本目标。     

A global count of the extreme poor in 2012: data issues,methodology and initial results

The 2014 release of a new set of purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors (PPPs) for 2011 has prompted a revision of the World Bank’s international poverty line. In revising the line, we have sought to minimize changes to the real purchasing power of the earlier $1.25 line (in 2005 PPPs), so as to preserve the integrity of the goalposts for international targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the World Bank’s twin goals – which were set with respect to that line. In particular, the new line was obtained by inflating the same fifteen national poverty lines – originally used by Ravallion et al. (World Bank Econ. Rev. 23(2): 163–184 2009) to construct the $1.25 line – to 2011 prices in local currency units, and then converting them to US dollars using 2011 PPP conversion factors. With a small approximation, this procedure yields a new international poverty line of $1.90 per person per day. In combination with other changes described in the paper, this revision leads to relatively small changes in global poverty incidence for 2011: from 14.5 % using the old method to 14.1 % using the new method. In 2012, the new reference year for the global count, we find 12.7 % of the world’s population, or 897 million people, are living in extreme poverty. There are changes in the regional composition of poverty, but they are also relatively small. This paper documents methodological decisions taken in the process of updating both the poverty line and the consumption and income distributions at the country level, including issues of inter-temporal and spatial price adjustments. It also describes various caveats and limitations of the approach taken.     

INDUSTRY EQUILIBRIUM IN NEW PRODUCT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: A SIMPLE APPROACH

In this paper the economic framework of competition in location and/or product variety is extended to include the uncertainty accompanying new product research and development. A simple approach describing the equilibrium industry structure is first presented. Then the effects on a research industry of parametric changes in research costs such as implied by government drug policies is considered. Contrary to the implications of standard supply and demand analysis, these parametric changes are found to affect the level of research, the extent of new product innovation, and research concentration in an ambiguous fashion. For example, it is shown that an increase in research costs can increase the equilibrium level of expected innovation.     

Cultural epigenetics

Taking a Waddingtonian system approach, I discuss some of the implications of recent epigenetic research for the study of social systems. A growing number of investigations show that life-style changes resulting from nutritional, toxicological, and psychological stresses are reflected in changes in the epigenetic profile of individuals, and that learning and memory have epigenetic correlates. Moreover, various types of epigenetic changes can be inherited and affect the characters of descendants. Studying epigenetics can forge new experimental and conceptual bridges between biology, the social sciences and the humanities. For example, new techniques that allow the deciphering of methylation patterns in ancient DNA could be used to study the epigenetics of human cultures in long-gone historical periods, thus enriching and extending our knowledge of human history. Conceptually, an epigenetic perspective blurs traditional distinctions such as those between nature and nurture, plasticity and evolvability.     

Source decomposition of changes in income inequality: the integral-based approach and its approximation by the chained Shapley-value approach

This paper proposes source decomposition of the change in income inequality between two time points using the integral-based approach (IBA) and the (chained) Shapley-value approach as its approximation. In comparison to static Shapley-value decompositions and traditional decompositions for the square of the coefficient of variation and the Gini index, the new dynamic Shapley-value approach is intuitively appealing as a decomposition procedure for changes in inequality. It is expected to yield relatively small differences among various inequality measures, essentially maintaining consistency with income source classification. Path dependency, a possible drawback of the new decompositions, is not expected to be a particular problem in the usual cases. The properties are illustrated for application to the increase in US family income inequality during 1979–1996. In this empirical study, the new decompositions showed a tendency that was clearly different from those of the existing decompositions, indicating that the proposed procedures shed new light on analysis of the causes of inequality changes. An extension to incorporate other factors such as family structure is also successful without loss of the desirable properties.     

中东热点问题走向和中国外交政策及其实践

2007年中东地区形势动荡不安，继续成为国际形势变化的焦点。巴以争端、伊拉克问题和伊朗核问题三大热点依然是影响中东局势演变的主轴。由于地区内外因素的变化，热点问题出现了值得注意的新动向。本文探讨了中东地区局势演变的主要动因、最新走向以及中国应对中东热点问题的政策及其实践。