探讨施坚雅理论的问题和启示——重读《中华帝国晚期的城市》

《中华帝国晚期的城市》是人类学家施坚雅的代表作品。这本书主要关注中国城市及其中的政治、经济、社会、文化等等,融合了许多不同的学科知识和方法。在这本书中,施坚雅使用跨学科的方法分析了中华帝国晚期的城市,并向读者们阐述了他的中心边缘理论体系。施坚雅的理论引起了极大的反响,而其与中国事实的差距也给他带来了许多争议。但是,该书给我们最大的启示不仅仅在于施坚雅理论体系本身,而且在于施坚雅研究中国城市问题的方法上,他的这种在社会科学上建构数学模型的跨学科方法值得我们深思和学习。     

克拉申监控理论述评

在第二语言习得的研究领域,研究者们基于大量实证研究提出了种种理论模式,用以描述第二语言习得的过程,解释第二语言习得的机制。在诸种理论模式中,克拉申的“监控理论”影响最大,它包括“五大假说”:习得——学得假说,情感过滤假说,监控假说,输入假说,自然顺序假说。通过结合第二语言习得的实际问题对克拉申“监控理论”进行介绍、分析和评述,有助于把握第二语言习得的焦点,并加深对第二语言习得过程和机制的认识。     

New Comments on Rawls' Theory , Particularly the Difference Principle

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代理人困境与国家治理:兼评“风险论”

向下分权是治理幅员辽阔之国家的必然选择。在中央集权体制下,统治者采取向下分权的时候也会面临治理风险,即如果地方政府取得足够的资源和权力,它们可能对最高统治者构成威胁。曹正汉在考察中国古代统治体制演变时,提出郡县制是帝王减少代理人风险的制度安排,因为郡县制具有避免让单一地方政府强大到可以挑战帝王权威的作用。本文探讨向下分权对于集权体制政治稳定的影响。分权在为最高统治者减少代理人风险的同时,也为统治者创造了规避责难的空间。但向下分权在减少代理人风险的同时,也给统治者造成了多重代理人问题。具体而言,代理人如果没有受到有效约束,他们不但会削弱国家能力,还可能损害政权的合法性,引发社会风险。如何约束代理人始终是最高统治者面临的难题。     

高兹的消费异化批判理论评析

高兹在反思资本主义现代化时敏锐地认识到,在发达资本主义社会中,消费日益远离其满足人们需要的原本的价值和意义,成为人们为补偿异化劳动而致力于获得虚假需求商品的现象。在高兹看来,消费异化是以追求利润为唯一目的的资本主义生产方式的逻辑必然。资本主义生产方式不但为利润而制造消费品,而且为利润而创造虚假需求,诱导人们把消费的多少作为衡量幸福的标准和尺度。消费异化不仅加剧了生态危机和社会不平等,而且导致人的非人化,也消解了人们的批判能力和反抗意识,成为控制社会的新手段。摆脱异化消费就要全面改造资本主义生产方式和工业系统,破除"越多越好"的高消费观念,引导人们在生产领域中寻求满足。高兹深刻地批判当代资本主义为实现资本获利的目的鼓励异化消费,严厉谴责资本主义颠倒了人与商品的关系、把人扭曲成消费机器的现象,加深了我们对资本主义制度所固有的矛盾和弊端的认识。受高兹消费批判理论的启迪,我国在现代化的进程中必须克服物质主义倾向,以人为本推进物质文明,培育尊重自然、以人为本、崇尚精神满足的消费模式,并使之成为全体公民所追求的生活价值取向。     

社会学的想象与想象的社会学:帕森斯、米尔斯社会学研究进路比较论要

帕森斯的社会理论和米尔斯的社会研究是“二战”后美国社会学的两条重要且独特的研究路径。帕森斯倡导社会科学中的一般理论研究,核心在于理论和经验的互惠发展的动力学,意在促进社会科学的积累性发展,但确立统一的社会科学无异于建立一种不可能实现的“学术巴别塔”。米尔斯强调的基于社会学想象的社会研究纲领,实质上是一种政治导向的社会研究,最终难免落入学术和政治的双重“想象”困境。研究范式的差异,导致他们对其身处的美国社会作出了判然有别的研究论断。进而言之,这种差异的背后隐含着研究者对现代性问题的不同态度以及政治立场上的深刻分歧。     

西方马克思主义异化理论的历史考察及价值评述

异化一直是学术界探讨的热点问题,特别是西方现代社会的异化更是西方马克思主义研究的重要内容。从早起西方马克思主义开始,到法兰克福学派、存在主义马克思主义、生态马克思主义都十分关注当今社会存在的异化问题,他们就科技异化、交往异化、日常生活异化以及消费异化进行了深刻阐述。这些研究不仅丰富了马克思的异化劳动理论,也使异化理论发展到了一个新的阶段。     

科尔伯格的道德认知发展理论对我国当代德育的启示

道德认知发展论是美国道德心理学家劳伦斯.科尔伯格在吸收20世纪初杜威的进步主义德育研究和皮亚杰的儿童道德认知发展理论基础上所创立的当代西方学校德育流派中最有影响的德育理论,至今仍被各国道德理论家和德育工作者广泛应用于实践中,并被证明是有效的。中国当前道德教育存在高调低效的特征,而科尔伯格的道德认知理论为我们改变这种状况提供了诸多启示,我们应变传统的灌输型德育模式为引导型模式,确立学生在德育中的主体地位,培养和提高学生的道德判断能力。     

以“匠人精神”,写“社会学的诗”:米尔斯的社会学遗产之重估

在米尔斯诞辰百年之际,本文试图重估其社会学遗产。本文指出,米尔斯作为“智识匠人”的志业,即是从内外两个面向揭示美国文明自19世纪末以来的转型及其危机。就内部面向而言,本文聚焦于米尔斯及其同时代的批评者关于美国社会的不同判断及其分歧的实质;就外部面向而言,本文则以米尔斯关于古巴革命的晚期著述为核心,考察米尔斯对古巴问题的讨论在何种意义上构成了对美国民主的外部批评。但是,对米尔斯的社会学遗产的重估,并不止步于此。米尔斯关于社会学写作的文体和“风格”的想象,即其关于“社会学的诗”的论述,构成了其学术遗产的另一个重要部分。本文指出,“社会学的诗”所倡导的审美与人格意蕴,实则是对社会学写作的人文传统的回归。最后,本文讨论了在中文学界的语境下,米尔斯的社会学研究所具有的启发意义。     

Optimal Incentive Contracting with Ex Ante and Ex Post Moral Hazards: Theory and Evidence

Predictions concerning structure and performance for managerial incentive contracts designed to prevent accidents are developed and tested. The model predicts a step-function penalty with more costly, more reliable audits used for higher loss reports to control ex post exaggeration of the loss. In addition, the penalty induces nonreporting that is imperfectly controlled through random audits. An empirical contract implemented to control workers' compensation medical losses provides evidence consistent with these predictions. The contract reduces both accident frequency and total losses, but increases reported loss severity as managers evade approximately 40% of the accident penalty by underreporting small losses.     

Moral discourse on domestic labor: gender,power, and identity in families

This paper responds to a recent article by Ahlander and Bahr (1995) on moral dimensions of housework in families. The purpose of this paper is to point out important ways in which Ahlander and Bahr’s work represents an academic form of “backlash” against feminist scholarship and leaves much social science research on housework either unsynthesized in their review or misinterpreted much of the work they did cite, particularly the work of feminist scholars. A second goal of this paper is to offer a perspective in which researchers can simultaneously examine moral dimensions of housework and explore issues of gender, power, and identity in families.     

善的哲学与善的布道——舍斯托夫论尼采道德学说

尼采曾经相信善的力量和道德理想.后来疾病使这一信念受到严竣考验,开始了道德批判.尼采道德哲学的新意在于把道德和"善"作为问题的形式加以提出和检验.他通过自己的苦难与不幸获得了对道德的新认识:善人也会受到良心之苦,良心也会起来反抗善;爱与怜悯的背后隐藏着软弱和虚伪.因此尼采批判传统道德,寻求一种更普遍的爱和更高级的正义.当这一寻求长久无果的时候,尼采便为了自我辩护而开始用"超人"学说、"贵族主义"和"爱命运"来进行善的"布道".这就是舍斯托夫对尼采的"心理学"解释.     

Developmental Trajectories of Sympathy,Moral Emotion Attributions,and Moral Reasoning: The Role of Parental Support

We examined the role of parental support to children's sympathy, moral emotion attribution, and moral reasoning trajectories in a three‐wave longitudinal study of Swiss children at 6 years of age (N = 175; Time 1), 7 years of age (Time 2), and 9 years of age (Time 3). Sympathy was assessed with self‐report measures. Moral emotion attributions and moral reasoning were measured with children's responses to hypothetical moral transgressions. Parental support was assessed at all assessment points with primary caregiver and child reports. Three trajectory classes of sympathy were identified: high‐stable, average‐increasing, and low‐stable. Moral emotion attributions exhibited high‐stable, increasing, and decreasing trajectories. Moral reasoning displayed high‐stable, increasing, and low‐stable trajectories. Children who were in the high‐stable sympathy group had higher self‐reported support than children in the increasing and low‐stable trajectory groups. Children who were in the high‐stable moral emotion attribution group or the high‐stable moral reasoning group had higher primary caregiver‐reported support than children in the corresponding increasing trajectory groups. Furthermore, children who were members of the high‐stable group in all three moral development variables (i.e., sympathy, moral emotion attribution, and moral reasoning) displayed higher levels of self‐reported parental support than children who were not.     

科尔伯格道德发展理论的特征及其本土化

科尔伯格作为道德发展理论的创始人,开拓了皮亚杰所提出的道德发展思想,将皮亚杰的理论进行了修改、补充和完善,创造了更加全面、系统的德育教育原理,并将其引入教育实践。科尔伯格道德发展理论具有阶段性、层递性、交互性和探源性特征,对我国德育工作的开展具有较大的指导和借鉴意义。实现科尔伯格道德发展理论的本土化,应实施的举措为:根据儿童不同的发展阶段,适时引导;遵循认知规律,循序渐进;以鼓励为主,以批评为辅;端正儿童行为动机,不断提高其自律水平。     

Moral Reasoning in Violent Contexts: Displaced and Non-displaced Colombian Children's Evaluations of Moral Transgressions, Retaliation, and Reconciliation

In order to assess the effects of displacement and exposure to violence on children's moral reasoning, Colombian children exposed to minimal violence (non-displaced or low risk; N  =  99) and to extreme violence (displaced or high risk; N  =  94), evenly divided by gender at 6, 9, and 12 years of age, were interviewed regarding their evaluation of peer-oriented moral transgressions (hitting and not sharing toys). The vast majority of children evaluated moral transgressions as wrong. Group and age differences were revealed, however, regarding provocation and retaliation. Children who were exposed to violence, in contrast to those with minimum exposure, judged it more legitimate to inflict harm or deny resources when provoked and judged it more reasonable to retaliate for reasons of retribution. Surprisingly, and somewhat hopefully, all children viewed reconciliation as feasible. The results are informative regarding theories of morality, culture, and the effects of violence on children's social development.