面对非自愿案主的一些技巧

许多被迫接受辅导的案主在最初阶段与社工接触时,常常会表示敌意。如何与案主进行沟通,建立亲密的专业关系?在这里谈谈自己的几点想法。首先,尊重案主。社工要理解,这样的案主可能不愿     

与案主一同成长

2008年3月,我顺利地成为了一名准社工,走上了我梦寐以求的社工岗位,实践着送人玫瑰,手有余香的承诺。4月15日,一个难忘的日子,我开启了第一个个案工作。7月16日,又是一个难忘的日子,我的第一个个案结案了。回顾三个多月历程,与案主的每一次接触都历历在目。服务的过程,与苦乐相随;结案时,案主的感     

与案主一同成长

2008年3月，我顺利地成为了一名准社工，走上了我梦寐以求的社工岗位，实践着“送人玫瑰，手有余香”的承诺。4月15日，一个难忘的日子，我开启了第一个个案工作。7月16日，又是一个难忘的日子，我的第一个个案结案了。回顾三个多月历程，与案主的每一次接触都历历在目。服务的过程，与苦乐相随；结案时，案主的感谢与微笑，     

“人与环境”理论在个案评估中的运用和反思——以强强个案为例

本文以人在环境理论为基础,讨论强强个案介入的方法和策略。通过对环境系统地评估,发现案主的挑战和优势,同时也讨论社工所面临的价值选择。并反思社会工作实务在中国社会文化处境中的实践。     

换一种称呼

不知道其他社工在日常工作中是如何称呼自己的个案对象?以前我一直称呼个案对象为"案主",现在则称呼他们为"服务对象"。其实面对的是同一服务群体,为什么会改变称呼呢?这要从我身边发生的一件小事说起。     

浅谈"案主自决"原则、影响因素及其在社会工作教学中的运用

"案主自决"是社工在尊重案主的价值和尊严以及确信案主具有能够改变的能力的前提下,提供给案主认识自身潜能的机会,鼓励案主自我做主和自我决定的工作伦理原则。影响"案主自决"的西方文化内核有基督教文化、人道文化和个人主义。影响"案主自决"的东方文化特质有:儒家文化、集体主义、官本位思想。笔者在社会工作教学中,不断强调以案主为中心,帮助案主澄清问题,提升自我信心。     

面对非自愿案主的一些技巧

许多被迫接受辅导的案主在最初阶段与社工接触时，常常会表示敌意。如何与案主进行沟通，建立亲密的专业关系？在这里谈谈自己的几点想法。     

社工,让我儿新生

社会工作的服务因案主的存在而发生,案主亦是社工的亲密接触者,所以案主的成长是检验社会工作服务成败的指向标。而当我们将西方的社会工作的理论、价值理念和方法"拿来"用于中国环境中时,如何满足"本土"案主的需求是社会工作本土化的第一步。因此,本期编者选取了三位案主以及一位案主亲人的自白,述说他们的心理历程以及对社工的感思,或许我们从中能获取一些更有价值的东西。     

换一种称呼

不知道其他社工在日常工作中是如何称呼自己的个案对象？以前我一直称呼个案对象为“案主”,现在则称呼他们为“服务对象”。其实面对的是同一服务群体,为什么会改变称呼呢？这要从我身边发生的一件小事说起。     

论个案工作中社工自我觉察内涵及培养

良好的自我觉察能力是社工能有效帮助案主的重要因素，而自我觉察就是要在个案工作中以及结案后时刻敏感觉察自己的价值观、个人需求、未完成事件、与案主的关系以及文化差异等。自我觉察能力可以通过反思学习、接受再培训、接受专业督导、巩固自己支持系统等方式来培养。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Feminist Criticism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a great book. Through feminist criticism we can get how The Scarlet Letter may be read as dramatizing Hester Prynne's spiritual and physical struggle to survive as an individual in a society whose values authorize the privileged power of men.     

循环经济与可持续发展刍议

发展循环经济已经成为当今世界的潮流和趋势,循环经济将经济活动组织成为"资源-产品-消费-再生资源"的物质反复循环的闭环式流程,从上世纪90年代确定可持续发展战略以来,发达国家正在把发展循环经济、建立循环型社会看作是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现方式.循环经济是集经济、技术、社会于一体的系统工程,其启动和推广不仅需要政府、企业、科学界和公众等社会各界的不懈努力和共同参与,而且需要资金、技术以及法规、制度等软硬环境的强力支撑.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

Youth‐oriented active labour market policies and economic crisis: Explaining policy effort in Greece and Portugal

The starting point of this study is the implementation of seemingly similar youth‐oriented labour market policies in Greece and Portugal. Both countries have suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their labour market as part of the rescue programmes adopted during the European sovereign debt crisis. Despite convergence in terms of policy trajectories, there is a significant divergence in employment outcomes. In Portugal, youth‐oriented policies were better‐targeted and structured. Their implementation has been more effective and has involved the social partners from the outset of the crisis. In Greece, policy design failures, administrative weaknesses and unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have limited the dynamics of youth‐oriented policies thus increasing youth insecurity. Τhe analysis suggests that convergence in policy content can be compatible with divergence in terms of outcomes.