China’s Social Security Policy

(Continued from Page 24, Vol. 21, No. 4-5)VI. Social WelfareThe Chinese government actively promotes thedevelopment of social welfare, raising funds throughvarious channels to provide social welfare benefitsfor the elderly, orphans and the disabled.Social Welfare for the ElderlyIn accordance with the Law of the People’s Republicof China on the Protection of Elderly People’s Rightsand Interests, the state and society have adoptedmeasures to improve conditions for such people’slivelih…     

Testing the Only-Child Advantage in Cognitive Development in the Context of China’s One-Child Policy

Population Research and Policy Review - Using data from a recent national survey of approximately 20,000 Chinese middle school students, we tested the difference in cognitive development between...     

China＇s Social Security Policy

The Chinese government actively promotes the development of social welfare, raising funds through various channels to provide social welfare benefits for the elderly, orphans and the disabled.     

China＇s Social Security Policy——Information Office of the State Counc of the People＇s Republic of China

Social security is one of the most important socioeconomic systems for a country in modern times. To establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development is a logical requirement for coordinated economic and social development. It is also an important guarantee for the social stability and the long-term political stability of a country.     

China’s Urbanization Strategy

This research develops specific goals,paths and strategies of urbanization in China upon analyzing the Chinese characteristics and future trends of urbanization.Urbanization will become basic national conditions of China’s future social development,which will have significant impacts on the sources and driving forces of future prosperity and development.However,current challenges in China’s urbanization are that population urbanization lags behind industrialization and land urbanization,and urbanization of the household registered population lags behind urbanization of the resident population.China’s urbanization development will be shifted from a pure speed approach to an approach combining speed with quality during the "Twelfth Five-Year plan" period,and the economic reform will enter into a new stage characterized by promoting in-depth urbanization and urban-rural integration.An urbanization model with Chinese characteristics would be developed by taking urbanization as the leading force in deepening the reform,directing at household registration system reform and employment promotion,enhancing urbanization quality,and promoting equalization of rural and urban public services.     

Energy consumption patterns in the process of China’s urbanization

Urbanization has transformed daily lives and industrial production in China. We investigate the effects of this process on Chinese energy consumption patterns. Three energy-consuming sectors intricately associated with urbanization are identified and analyzed: residential households, transportation, and the building materials industry. Urbanization has profoundly affected each; moreover, the latter two are high energy consumption and potentially high carbon producing. We estimate energy consumption attributable to each sector to quantitatively evaluate their impacts on societal transition. Transportation and the production of building materials are identified as the most significant linkages from urbanization to energy consumption. Strikingly, despite the large increase in the proportion of the population that is urban, the share of urban energy consumption, as estimated here, in total energy consumption has remained stable. This suggests that economic growth, in the form of the production of goods for export and domestic consumption, is the most important driver of energy demand in China.     

Characteristics of China’s Vulnerable Population

Five Major Characteristics of China’s Vulnerable Population: 1. The socially vulnerable population is the main part of the vulnerable population, mainly because it is their position in     

Tasks for China’s Aging Programme

ＴａｓｋｓｆｏｒＣｈｉｎａ’ｓＡｇｉｎｇＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅＴｈｅｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａ’ｓａｇｉｎｇｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅａｒｅｔｏ“ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ，ｍｅｄｉｃａｌａｎｄｈｅａｌｔｈｃａｒｅｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓａｎｄ...     

Getting Under the Skin: Children’s Health Disparities as Embodiment of Social Class

Social class gradients in children’s health and development are ubiquitous across time and geography. The authors develop a conceptual framework relating three actions of class—material allocation, salient group identity, and inter-group conflict—to the reproduction of class-based disparities in child health. A core proposition is that the actions of class stratification create variation in children’s mesosystems and microsystems in distinct locations in the ecology of everyday life. Variation in mesosystems (e.g., health care, neighborhoods) and microsystems (e.g., family structure, housing) become manifest in a wide variety of specific experiences and environments that produce the behavioral and biological antecedents to health and disease among children. The framework is explored via a review of theoretical and empirical contributions from multiple disciplines, and high-priority areas for future research are highlighted.     

An Empirical Study on the Laddering Migration of China’s Floating Population

Using data collected by Center for Population and Development Studies of Renmin University of China in 2009 in Chaoyang district of Beijing, Dongguan city of Guangdong province and Zhuji city of Zhejiang province, this paper does an empirical study on the laddering migration of China’s floating population. The findings indicate that floating population’s geographical laddering migration, occupational laddering migration and family laddering migration exist in the process of migration. Geographical laddering migration is influenced by demographic characteristics, migration experience and pathfinder effect of parents. Occupational laddering migration is influenced by migration experience, stability of occupation and social interaction with local residents in destination. Family laddering migration is influenced by family member’s characteristics, area of arable land, migration experience and the number of relatives in destination.     

Fertility in China: from the 1970s to the 1990s

ＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａ：ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅ１９７０ｓｔｏｔｈｅ１９９０ｓ￥ＧｕＢａｏｃｈａｎｇ（ＴｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇａｒｅｓｙｎｏｐｓｉｓｆｒｏｍａｐａｐｅｒｗｒｉｔｔｅｎｂｙＤｒ．ＧｕＢａｏｃｈａｎｇｅｎｔｉｔｌｅｄｔｈｅ＂Ｉｎｔｅｒａｃ...     

A Study on China’s Marriage Squeeze

China's male marriage squeeze and its potential consequence have attracted much attention and given rise to debate, but most studies contribute this squeeze to sex structure and neglect the age structure, and some studies use fl awed method to study the contribution of age structure in this squeeze. In this paper we develop an indicator of Spousal Sex Ratio(SSR) and apply a decomposition method into age and sex structure. Based on the data from China's 2010 census and projection, we predict that from 2010 to 2020, the age structure will be the dominant factor for China's male marriage squeeze, and from 2020 to 2034, the contribution of sex structure will be increasing, whereas that of age structure will be decreasing. From 2034 to 2045, China's male marriage squeeze will mainly from imbalanced sex structure, and the age structure will contribute little or negatively to China's male marriage squeeze.     

Present Situation of China’s Aged Population

ＰｒｅｓｅｎｔＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｉｎａ’ｓＡｇｅｄＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＡｇｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅＴｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｇｅｄ６０ａｎｄｏｖｅｒｉｎＣｈｉｎａｒｅａｃｈｅｄ１１３．９５ｍｉｌｉｏｎ，ａｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇｆｏｒ９．４３％ｏｆｔｈ...     

China’s Tibetan Population and Population in Tibet

Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓＴｉｂｅｔａｎＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎＴｉｂｅｔＧｕｏＤａｐｉｎｇ（ＣｈｉｎａＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｒｅ）ＴｈｅＴｉｂｅｔ（Ｘｉｚａｎｇ）ＡｕｔｏｎｏｍｏｕｓＲ...     

A Policy Favourable to Narrow the Gap Between East and Central-west China

ＡＰｏｌｉｃｙＦａｖｏｕｒａｂｌｅｔｏＮａｒｒｏｗｔｈｅＧａｐＢｅｔｗｅｅｎＥａｓｔａｎｄＣｅｎｔｒａｌ－ｗｅｓｔＣｈｉｎａ￥／／ＡＷｉｄｅｎｉｎｇＧａｐＴｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｐｅｒｃａｐｉｔａｌＧＤＰ（ｂａｓｅｄｏｎ１９９０ｐｒｉｃｅ）ｂｅ...     

The Effect of Urbanization on China’s Fertility

The relationship between urbanization and fertility decline is known to be inverse in developed countries. However, the nature of this relationship in developing countries that already have relatively low fertilities is not well-understood. This study aims to illustrate how much urbanization contributed to China’s fertility decline between 1982 and 2008 and forecasts how much it can contribute to future reductions in fertility. The study examines changes in the total fertility rate (TFR) at both the national and provincial levels, given regional differences in the urbanization rate. The results show that changes in rural fertility behavior accounted for most of the decline in the national TFR between 1982 and 2008. This finding suggests that official birth control policies were instrumental in curbing China’s population growth. However, urbanization was responsible for about 22% of the decrease in TFR during this period, and its effect was especially important during the latter years (2001–2008). In most provinces, urbanization associated with a decline in provincial-level fertility. The forecasts indicate that urbanization will become the primary factor behind future declines in national fertility. Given the negative effect of urbanization on the TFR, it is possible to relax the one-child policy without having adverse implications for population growth.     

Florida’s Changing Rainbow: Identifying Emerging Markets Through the Examination of Racial Composition and Demographic Change in Florida

Minority groups, including African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians, especially in a growing middle class, comprise an emerging market in the United States (Schwartz, Global Business Network, 2000). It is estimated that through 2025, the population of ethnic minorities in the United States will grow eight times faster than the White population; by the year 2050, some estimates project that “minorities” will make up nearly 50% of the United States population. As minority groups continue to grow in population, wealth, and buying power, it becomes imperative that businesses understand the differences among different segments of the population that will be consuming their products. This paper examines projected demographic changes for the State of Florida and the implications these changes have on increasing market opportunities for businesses. Researchers from the Northeast Florida Center for Community Initiatives used Geographic information systems (GIS) computer applications to conduct spatial analysis of U.S. Census Data, as well as proprietary economic and social indicators, to develop an analysis of distribution of certain ethnicities in Florida. The purpose of this paper is to identify potential areas of significant emerging market populations within Florida in order to improve service outreach for various economic opportunities during the coming decade.

Understanding the ''''One-Child'''' Policy

Ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｔｈｅ＇Ｏｎｅ－Ｃｈｉｌｄ＇ＰｏｌｉｃｙＴｈａｔＣｈｉｎａｈａｓａｆａｍｉｌｙｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇｐｏｌｉｃｙｉｓｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｗｅｌｌｋｎｏｗｎ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｔｈａｔｐｏｌｉｃｙａｒｅｌｅｓｓｗｅ...