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1.
Using an increasing returns specification for distribution, an inverted U pattern between the share of distribution in gross domestic product and the level of development is shown to arise. A cross-section time-series data set is constructed and merged with one used to analyze the service sector. In contrast to the rising pattern found for services, an average time-series relation that exhibits an inverted U pattern is established. The empirical results are robust, for example, to choice of functional form and country and time period coverage. A similar pattern is found in the average cross-section (country) relation between distribution and development. 相似文献
2.
James R. Vanderwoerd 《Nonprofit management & leadership》2004,14(3):239-262
This article reports selected findings from a qualitative case study of two faith‐based social service organizations to address two questions: (1) How does government funding influence the religious characteristics of faith‐based social service organizations? (2) How do government‐funded, faith‐based social service organizations manage the tensions arising from both secular and religious contexts? The findings suggest that the adaptation of secular institutional practices is not as inevitable as some have feared. Rather, the two organizations studied showed convincingly that their faith traditions and values were alive and widely evident throughout their organizations. Three key strategies emerged as means for maintaining religiousness in the face of secular pressures: (1) Religious identities were perceived as given rather than chosen, and therefore were not negotiable; (2) religious values provided strong justification for seeking relationships with others who do not share their faith; (3) the religious worldview blurred religious and secular distinctions so that secular technologies and practices could comfortably be utilized. 相似文献
3.
4.
We examine the labor-cost savings associated with privatization by comparing earnings and employment trends of public and
private sector refuse workers. Findings suggest that high union earnings for workers in the public sector are a source of
labor-cost savings in the refuse industry. Evidence on job changers does not indicate that earnings for this group of workers
are a compensating differential. Metropolitan area employment findings suggest that municipalities are less likely to use
union refuse workers in the public sector when a relatively small percentage of area residents belong to a union.
The authors thank Jacqueline Agesa, Keith Bender, Maria Crawford, and Richard Perlman for valuable suggestions. Research assistance
from Eric Blackburn is greatly appreciated. 相似文献
5.
6.
Emmanuelle Cam Bernard Cadiou James E. Hines Jean Yves Monnat 《Journal of applied statistics》2002,29(1):163-185
Many studies have provided evidence that, in birds, inexperienced breeders have a lower probability of breeding successfully. This is often explained by lack of skills and knowledge, and sometimes late laying dates in the first breeding attempt. There is growing evidence that in many species with deferred reproduction, some prebreeders attend breeding places, acquire territories and form pairs. Several behavioural tactics assumed to be associated with territory acquisition have been described in different species. These tactics may influence the probability of recruiting in the breeding segment of the population, age of first breeding, and reproductive success in the first breeding attempt. Here we addressed the influence of behaviour ('squatting') during the prebreeding period on demographic parameters (survival and recruitment probability) in a long-lived colonial seabird species: the kittiwake. We also investigated the influence of behaviour on reproductive trajectory. Squatters have a higher survival and recruitment probability, and a higher probability of breeding successfully in the first breeding attempt in all age-classes where this category is represented. The influence of behaviour is mainly expressed in the first reproduction. However, there is a relationship between breeding success in the first occasion and subsequent occasions. The influence of breeding success in the first breeding attempt on the rest of the trajectory may indirectly reflect the influence of behaviour on breeding success in the first occasion. The shape of the reproductive trajectory is influenced by behaviour and age of first breeding. There is substantial individual variation from the mean reproductive trajectory, which is accounted for by heterogeneity in performance among individuals in the first attempt, but there is no evidence of individual heterogeneity in the rate of change over time in performance in subsequent breeding occasions 相似文献
7.
Barnacle geese ( Branta leucopsis ) make annual migrations between breeding colonies in northern Europe and Eurasia to wintering grounds in Holland. During the migration, they sojourn for several weeks in five areas on the northern coast of Germany. Observers traverse these areas during the course of studying the flocks. Previous belief was that there was little exchange of birds among the five areas; however, some banded birds were observed in more than one area indicating that some movement takes place. In this presentation, we estimate the movement rates among the areas using open- and closed-population models. 相似文献
8.
We employ vector autoregressive techniques to determine the current state of the labor queue. Unemployment rate differentials
have narrowed in recent years, potentially due to a change in the queue ordering, though a tight labor market and a stable
queue would yield similar results. We find no evidence that the queue ordering has changed, which brings into question the
resiliency of gains made by minority groups. We employ the same techniques to reveal the state of the queue across geographic
regions and find that substantial differences exist across regions, implying variation in the relative labor force status
of demographic groups. 相似文献
9.
James P. Davis 《Journal of popular culture》2005,38(6):1011-1021
10.