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1.
Point-light and full-view short video clips of female walkers were displayed on a CRT monitor and male students rated the likelihood of selecting a walker for various advances. Relationships between the ratings, the walkers’ self-reported frequencies of being approached, gait cues, and self-rated personality traits were examined. In the point-light condition, raters selected slow walkers with a short stride length and personality traits implying vulnerability as targets for inappropriate touching. In the full-view condition, the raters selected fashionably groomed or physically attractive walkers as sexual advance targets. These criteria corresponded partially with reported occurrences of advances. Awkward movement impression was suggested as a kinematic gait quality influencing sexual advance target choice. 相似文献
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Group sequential monitoring based on the weighted log‐rank test statistic with the Fleming–Harrington class of weights in cancer vaccine studies
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Takahiro Hasegawa 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2016,15(5):412-419
In recent years, immunological science has evolved, and cancer vaccines are now approved and available for treating existing cancers. Because cancer vaccines require time to elicit an immune response, a delayed treatment effect is expected and is actually observed in drug approval studies. Accordingly, we propose the evaluation of survival endpoints by weighted log‐rank tests with the Fleming–Harrington class of weights. We consider group sequential monitoring, which allows early efficacy stopping, and determine a semiparametric information fraction for the Fleming–Harrington family of weights, which is necessary for the error spending function. Moreover, we give a flexible survival model in cancer vaccine studies that considers not only the delayed treatment effect but also the long‐term survivors. In a Monte Carlo simulation study, we illustrate that when the primary analysis is a weighted log‐rank test emphasizing the late differences, the proposed information fraction can be a useful alternative to the surrogate information fraction, which is proportional to the number of events. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Influence of vegetation composition on runoff in two simulated green roof experiments 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Despite the fact that green roofs are based upon living systems, the majority of published research literature contains little
specific information on the contribution of plants to the various functions and properties of green roofs. Furthermore, there
has been little investigation of the influence of the composition of vegetation on the physical properties of a green roof
system. This paper reviews previously published material that throws light on the role of vegetation composition on green
roof function, with particular regard to rainwater runoff. Two experiments at the University of Sheffield, UK, are considered
in detail: (a) An outdoor lysimeter experiment that investigated the quantity of runoff from trays containing 100 mm of growing
medium and combinations of grasses and forbs, together with bare substrate, and (b) a greenhouse experiment using simulated
rainfall to estimate the amount of rainfall intercepted by different vegetation types. In both cases the vegetation ranged
from simple monocultures of forbs and grasses through to complex mixtures of both. In both cases, the composition of the vegetation
was found to significantly affect both the amount of water retained and released from the system. 相似文献
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Gender-specific labor market conditions and family formation 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Ayako Kondo 《Journal of population economics》2012,25(1):151-174
Slack labor market conditions for women relative to men increase the marriage rate in the USA. This paper examines the long-term consequences of such marriages. Despite the significant effect on marriage timing, labor market conditions experienced in youth do not affect the probability that a woman will marry by the age of 30. Further, labor market conditions at the time of marriage are uncorrelated with the probability of divorce, spouses?? characteristics, or the number of children. These findings suggest that labor market fluctuations induce only intertemporal adjustments for marriage timing without affecting reservation match quality or total fertility. 相似文献
6.
Takahiro Hasegawa Saori Misawa Shintaro Nakagawa Shinichi Tanaka Takanori Tanase Hiroyuki Ugai Akira Wakana Yasuhide Yodo Satoru Tsuchiya Hideki Suganami 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2020,19(4):436-453
Many clinical research studies evaluate a time‐to‐event outcome, illustrate survival functions, and conventionally report estimated hazard ratios to express the magnitude of the treatment effect when comparing between groups. However, it may not be straightforward to interpret the hazard ratio clinically and statistically when the proportional hazards assumption is invalid. In some recent papers published in clinical journals, the use of restricted mean survival time (RMST) or τ ‐year mean survival time is discussed as one of the alternative summary measures for the time‐to‐event outcome. The RMST is defined as the expected value of time to event limited to a specific time point corresponding to the area under the survival curve up to the specific time point. This article summarizes the necessary information to conduct statistical analysis using the RMST, including the definition and statistical properties of the RMST, adjusted analysis methods, sample size calculation, information fraction for the RMST difference, and clinical and statistical meaning and interpretation. Additionally, we discuss how to set the specific time point to define the RMST from two main points of view. We also provide developed SAS codes to determine the sample size required to detect an expected RMST difference with appropriate power and reconstruct individual survival data to estimate an RMST reference value from a reported survival curve. 相似文献
7.
Hikaru Hasegawa 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》1998,40(2):171-180
There exist many studies which treat the inequality and/or interval constraints on coefficients in the homoscedastic linear regression model. However, the sampling performance of the inequality constrained estimators in the heteroscedastic linear model has not been examined. This paper considers the inequality constrained estimators in the heteroscedastic linear regression model and derives their risks under a quadratic loss function. Furthermore, using the inequality constrained estimators, we introduce a pre-test estimator which might be employed after the test for homoscedasticity and derive its risk. In addition, the risk performance of these estimators is evaluated numerically. 相似文献
8.
We investigated the species composition of a fragmented forest in Nishinomiya Shrine, southeastern Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.
Two escaped ornamental species, Trachycarpus fortunei and Ligustrum lucidum, and bird-dispersed deciduous trees were invading the evergreen broadleaf forest. Invasive and bird-dispersed deciduous species
were most abundant along the outer edge of the forest. In 2005, restoration measures were taken to remove all individuals
of T. fortunei from the forest. We estimated that, biomass density and leaf area index (LAI, leaf area per unit ground area) of T. fortunei were 0.23 kg m−2 and 0.77, respectively, which accounted for 8.9% and 27.9% of the biomass density and LAI, respectively, of the entire forest.
After removal, canopy openness increased in the understory. However, the understory lacked seedlings and saplings of native
species, indicating that active re-vegetation may be needed to accelerate reestablishment of native species in areas that
were heavily invaded by T. fortunei. This study represents one of the first examples of active vegetation management in shrine/temple forests in Japan. 相似文献
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The purpose of the present investigation 1s to observe the effect of departure from normahty of the prior distribution of regresslon parameters on the Bayman analysis of a h e a r regresslon model Assuming an Edgeworth serles prior distribution for the regresslon coefficients and gamma prior for the disturbances precision, the expressions for the posterlor distribution, posterlor mean and Bayes risk under a quadratic loss function are obtalned The results of a numerical evaluation are also analyzed 相似文献