Couple Attitudes and Agreement Regarding Pregnancy Wantedness in the Philippines

We compare husbands' and wives' views of the wantedness of their most recent pregnancy in the Philippines, a country where relatively high levels of unintended fertility persist. This research is an extension of earlier work that looked separately at individual men's and women's responses. We analyze survey data for 369 couples and find that those most at risk of experiencing a pregnancy that neither spouse wanted tended to be higher parity couples, those who were more fatalistic, those who were practicing Catholics who attended religious services frequently, and those among whom the husband was the sole breadwinner. Higher parity women and older women were also more apt to experience a pregnancy that was wanted by only 1 spouse. Women who had difficulty discussing sexual matters with their husbands were more likely than other women to have a pregnancy that their husbands wanted but they did not.     

The Age Difference Between Spouses: Variations among Developing Countries

Sub-national and cross-national variations in the age difference between spouses are investigated with data from the World Fertility Survey relating to 29 developing countries. Substantial variation within and between countries is evident. Analysis suggests that the relative age of prospective spouses is a factor taken into account in the marriage market. Observed variation in the age difference, within and between countries, cannot be explained as the simple by-product of the random matching of independently determined distributions of men's and women's ages at marriage. Certain age differences are avoided, others chosen more frequently. Preferred age differences appear to differ in the societies studied, however, and this variation can be directly interpreted in terms of two sets of factors: kinship structure and women's roles. The analysis also suggests that demographic determinants of the age difference, in particular age constraints on the pool of possible matches, are of less importance in explaining societal variations than are social structural factors.     

Which Children Will Go to Secondary School? Factors Affecting Parents' Decisions in Rural Thailand1

Abstract This study examines parents' decisions about educating some or all of their children beyond primary school in rural Thailand. Their strategies often involve choices between sons and daughters and between older versus younger children. We find that the more children there are in a family, the lower the proportion who are sent to secondary school. Parents send more sons than daughters and more youngest than eldest children. The decision is sometimes associated with a specific “investment” strategy, but it may also reflect parents' ability to afford to send children beyond primary school. Important economic factors include children's perceived earning potentials, anticipated opportunity costs, and parents' poverty status. However, the issues of access to schools and the safety of children, particularly girls, are also critically important. These concerns are often weighed as heavily, or more heavily, than economic considerations.     

Inequality and Educational Investment in Thai Children*

Abstract In this paper we examine differences in upper secondary school attendance among subgroups of the population in Thailand. We ascertain where inequalities continue to exist and where they have been mediated. We analyze data from samples of the 1990 and 2000 Thai censuses. We find that the gender gap favoring boys has closed at the national level and that girls now transition to upper secondary school more often than do boys. Inequalities still exist according to socioeconomic background of families. Rural‐urban differences have narrowed considerably since 1990, but they continue to be observed, particularly in certain parts of the country. Similarly, differences between Muslims and others appear to have lessened over the last decade, but Muslims continue to be disadvantaged compared to others, particularly in the South.     

Governance Beyond the Global: Who Controls the Extraterrestrial?

How is outer space governed? This article argues that private authority is gaining salience in space politics, even with respect to the traditionally state-centric security and military aspects of space. Further, while commercial actors have always played a role in space programs, three significant changes can be detected: transnational conglomerates and consortia as opposed to individual corporations are emerging as key partners in space politics; private partners are gaining stronger and wider responsibilities for the development and management of space programs (including manned spaceflights); and public accountability is increasingly at stake due to a widening of security in space policy. The latter development includes a blurring of key distinctions between military and civilian usage (also referred to as dual-use or dual-role application), as well as between the public and private realms.

¿Cómo se gobierna el espacio externo? Este artículo sostiene que la autoridad privada está ganando prominencia en la política espacial, inclusive con respecto a los aspectos tradicionales de seguridad centro estatal y militar del espacio. Además, mientras que los actores comerciales siempre han jugado un rol en los programas del espacio, se pueden detectar tres cambios: los conglomerados transnacionales y consorcios en lugar de corporaciones individuales, están surgiendo como socios claves en la política del espacio; socios privados están ganando responsabilidades más poderosas y más amplias para el desarrollo y el manejo de los programas del espacio (que incluye vuelos espaciales con tripulación); y en tercer lugar, la rendición pública de cuentas está cada vez más en juego debido a un incremento de seguridad en la política del espacio. El último desarrollo incluye una desaparición de las diferencias claves entre el uso militar y el civil (también llamado como una aplicación de doble uso o doble rol), como también entre los ámbitos público y privado.

外层空间如何得到治理？本文认为在太空政治中,即使是那些传统的以国家为中心的空间安全与军事方面,私人的权威正在凸显。进一步地,由于商业性的行为体一直在太空计划中发挥作用,三大重要变化可以被观察到：与个体的公司相对的跨国公司和财团正在成为太空政治中的关键合作;为了空间计划（包括载人太空飞行）的开发和管理,私人合作伙伴正在获得强大而广泛的责任;而由于太空政策中安全的（范围）变宽,公共责任则日益濒于险境。后一点包括容易混淆模糊的军民使用（也指的是两用或者双重角色的应用）、以及公私领域之间的区隔。

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Как космосом управляют? В статье утверждается, что частная власть приобретает значимость в космической политике даже относительно традиционно государственно-ориентированной безопасности и военных аспектов космического пространства. Кроме того, принимая во внимание то, что коммерческие структуры всегда играли важную роль в космических программах, могут быть выявлены три существенных изменения: транснациональные конгломераты и консорциумы, в отличие от отдельных корпораций, становятся ключевыми партнерами в космической политике; частные партнеры получают более сильные и более широкий спектр обязанностей по развитию и управлению космическими программами (включая пилотируемые космические полеты); и в-третьих, общественная ответственность оказывается под угрозой все чаще в связи с расширением областей безопасности в космической политике. Последнее включает размывание ключевых различий между военным и гражданским использованием (также называемый двойным использованием или применением двойной роли), так же как между общественной и частной сферами.     

Attitudes toward marriage in northern Vietnam: what qualitative data reveal about variations across gender,generation, and geography

Set in Southeast Asia in a context where marriage postponement and avoidance have made headlines in both academic and popular press outlets, this research was designed to elicit attitudes about the value of marriage and marriage alternatives among rural and urban Vietnamese men and women. The data come from 16 focus group interviews, eight of which were conducted in Hanoi and eight of which took place in rural communities in surrounding districts. The research identifies themes from each set of interviews and draws comparisons according to gender, generation, and rural or urban residence. There is widespread agreement across groups that marriage remains extremely important in Vietnam. Attitudes regarding the acceptability of non-marital cohabitation are much more mixed.     

Couples' Views about Planning Fertility in the Philippines*

Abstract This research examines Filipino couples' attitudes toward the occurrence and timing of their most recent pregnancies. Differences between processes operating in rural and urban areas are highlighted. Specific topics include the role of couples' fertility preferences in predicting the intention status of pregnancies, the effect of personal agency in decision making about contraception and childbearing, and whether women who are better able to communicate with their husbands about sex and related matters are more able than other women to avoid unintended births. These topics are explored through survey data and in‐depth interviews.     

Resisting “Politics as Usual”: Examining the Rise of Anti‐Establishment Politics by Comparing the Narratives of Opportunity Used Within the Single Payer Movement During Two Presidential Eras

The recent rise of “Medicare for All” in American political discourse was many years in the making. Behind this rise is a movement composed of grassroots activists and organizations focused on the goal of establishing a single‐payer health care system in the United States. I examine the ways in which activists used narrative to interpret opportunity within their historically specific environments to work towards this goal. I find that while the Single Payer Movement's narrative practice during the Clinton era was focused on opportunity within the political sphere, the focus in the Obama era shifted to mobilizing the public sphere, or grassroots opportunity. This was related to the critique that the Obama Administration was engaging in “politics as usual”, which was defined as the “enemy” of “real” health care reform. This narratively produced critique is tied to the anti‐establishment turn that factors into the current era of American politics.     

Cohabitation in the Philippines: Attitudes and Behaviors Among Young Women and Men

We examine data from a national survey of 15 – 27 year olds in the Philippines to assess attitudes toward marriage and cohabitation, and we analyze the marital and nonmarital union experiences of 25 – 27 year olds. We find that attitudes toward cohabitation remain quite conservative among young Filipinos, although men view cohabitation more favorably than do women. We also find that men’s socioeconomic status affects their ability to enter unions, particularly marriage, whereas women’s union formation patterns are influenced by the family in which they grew up, their participation in religious services, and to some degree by their place of residence. Both men and women who hold more liberal attitudes on a range of issues are more likely to have cohabited than are individuals who do not share those views. For now, however, we do not expect cohabitation to become a widespread substitute for marriage in the Philippines.