Extended Analysis of At Least Partially Ordered Multi‐factor ANOVA

For multifactor experimental designs in which the levels of at least one of the factors are ordered we show how to construct components that provide a deep nonparametric scrutiny of the data. The components assess generalised correlations and the resulting tests include and extend the Page and umbrella tests. Application of the tests described is straightforward. Orthonormal polynomials on the ANOVA responses and the factors are required and the formulae needed are given subsequently. These depend on the moments of the responses and of each factor and are easily calculated. Products of at least two of these orthonormal polynomials are then used as inputs into standard ANOVA routines. For example, using the first order orthonormal polynomial on factor A and the second order orthonormal polynomial on the ANOVA response will assess if, with increasing levels of factor A there is an umbrella response with either an increase and then a decrease or a decrease and then an increase.     

Youth Civic Engagement in the Twenty‐First Century

We enter the 21st century contending with the end of the Cold War's legacy of political uncertainty, expecting youth to play a significant part in the search for new principles that will bring about stability in the world political order. In forging the future, youth will have to collaborate with adults, but on terms more fitting of the historical circumstances that lie ahead than those of the past. This was the framework adopted by a group of social scientists who held several discussions to reflect on the issues and opportunities that bear on youth's civic engagement and development in the century that has just opened. The present article describes the results of those conversations, starting with the issue of defining civic competence, and the finding that an expansive definition is needed to match the real‐world circumstances that affect its development for youth internationally. Specific conditions, such as globalization, information – communication technology, and immigration, are emphasized as forces that affect youth and need to be taken into account by educators and policy makers. In this regard, responsibilities of schools, government, the commercial sector, and community organizations are outlined. Each is viewed as a potential constructive force for promoting engagement insofar as youth's strengths are recognized and focus is placed on building on youth's proven capacities. As always, it is youth’s task to make history in the future and society's obligation to provide youth with sufficient resources and an honest basis for hope in carrying out this task. The authors' policy recommendations are founded on this reciprocal relation that binds the youth generation with its elders in the common task of preserving, while transforming, society for the good of humanity.     

An Application of Extended Analysis for Ranked Data with Ties

Standard analysis for ranks from two‐way layout data with ties or for 'rank transformed' data with ties can be extended to allow market research to make better comparisons between products. In addition to detecting product average ranks effects, the new analysis allows detection of significant nonlinear effects, umbrella effects, linear contrasts and differences in distributions. The paper presents market research results comparing three types of french fries. There are no differences, according to the standard Friedman analysis. However significant nonlinear effects are found using the new analysis, which give the manufacturer important information.     

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POISSON EXPECTATIONS1

A number of statistics have been suggested for testing the difference between two Poisson expectations. On the basis of size and power calculations a new statistic, v= (2x+ 3/4)1/2 - (2y + 3/4)1/2, where x and y are the two observed Poisson values, is recommended for testing such differences. This statistic is shown to be similar in performance to the familiar u=(x-y)f(x+y)1/2, except in the tails of the distribution where it is superior.     

GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS FOR FISHER'S DISTRIBUTION ON THE SPHERE

A set of three goodness-of-fit procedures is proposed to investigate the adequacy of fit of Fisher's distribution on the sphere as a model for a given sample of spherical data. The procedures are all based on standard tests using the empirical distribution function.     

Social problems clusters as contexts for claimsmaking: implications for the study of off-campus housing

ABSTRACT

Many social problems claims occur in a context that involves (1) actors’ recognition of other stakeholders, (2) relationships among those actors, and (3) varying temporal frameworks that influence how each claimsmaker views the current collection of issues. We call actors’ involvement in overlapping issues a social problems cluster, a set of claimsmaking efforts that involve many of the same people and groups as advocates, or opponents. Using a case study of local student housing issues as an example, we suggest the following regarding the social problems cluster. First, we consider how the interactions among social problems cluster members shape what happens with a particular issue. Second, we consider the way participants within one social problems cluster recognize links may reflect participants’ biographies, interests, ideologies, and so forth. Attending to how the social problems cluster’s members interact and link issues helps to locate a particular claim within its broader context.     

Economic Interests and the Vindication of Deviance: Tobacco in Seventeenth Century Europe*

Sociologists have tended to neglect vindication, the process by which deviant behavior becomes redefined as respectable or legitimate. The few studies emphasize the importance of moral persuasion in bringing about vindication. Tobacco's early history suggests that economic interests can also play an important role. In the early seventeenth century, Europeans viewed tobacco as a deviant drug; but in spite of continued moral opposition, it was vindicated by the end of the century because powerful persons and agencies discovered that supporting the trans-Atlantic tobacco trade was in their economic interest.     

The effect of categorisation on testing for an exponential scale shift

A consequence of the fact that observations of random variables are discrete, is that the usual continuous models are inappropriate. Observations have an induced multinomial distribution where the cell probabilities depend on the form of the unobservable continuous distribution. We discuss one particular case: testing for the scale parameter of an exponential distribution. Sizes, powers and asymptotic relative efficiencies are used to assess the effect of categorisation. There are many parameters and we have not given a complete assessment. However our discussion gives a guide to the approach that may be adopted in similar cases. In the case we discuss, we give a preferred procedure that appears to be more convenient and less objectionable than its obvious competitors.