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531.
M. Alex Wagaman 《Journal of social service research》2013,39(3):278-293
ABSTRACT Adolescent empowerment has been used to develop programs addressing a variety of issues that put young people at risk. Empowerment has been associated with positive outcomes in youth, including increases in resilience, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and civic engagement. This article reviews a selection of applications of empowerment with adolescents to identify how the concept is defined, applied, and measured. Key challenges to implementing adolescent empowerment programs are identified. Based on the review, social empathy is proposed as a framework for adolescent empowerment program developers. Using social empathy as a framework allows for consistency in definition and flexibility in application to apply to diverse groups of youth in various settings. A social empathy framework also establishes key outcomes that can be measured to ensure program effectiveness. By employing social empathy as a framework, service providers can draw on the value that empowerment, both as a process and an outcome, brings to their work with adolescents. 相似文献
532.
This paper explores the link between employee perceptions of working conditions and the desire for worker representation in Britain and the US. We find that the distribution of employee perceptions of poor working conditions is similar in Britain and the US; similar factors affect the number of perceived poor working conditions; and the perception of poor working conditions is strongly associated with the desire for union representation. The nature of workplaces, as opposed to employees’ characteristics, is the predominant factor determining employee perceptions of poor working conditions. 相似文献
533.
Alexander STADLER 《福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2011,(3)
在大学和制药工业的研发实验室里,微波合成正变得越来越流行。专用工业微波反应器在化学转化方法的发展和条件优化方面有着非常重要的用途,尤其体现在其节约时间方面。本文介绍的体系允许反应在增强的条件下进行,从而显著扩展了微波化学的范围。 相似文献
534.
The aim of this study was to test a fundamental assumption concerning 27 of the most frequently used measures to assess aspects
of the quality of people’s lives, e.g., measures concerning happiness, satisfaction with life as a whole, with the quality
of one’s life, with domains of life (job, marriage, friendships), and with perceived gaps between what one has compared to
what one wants, what one’s neighbor has and so on. The assumption is that such measures are sensitive to changes in the circumstances
of one’s life measured by self-perceptions of change and by self-assessments of the net balance of salient positive and negative
events one has experienced in some specified period of time. A total of 462 residents of British Columbia distributed across
3 different panels completed mailed-out questionnaires at 3 points in time in 2005, 06 and 07. Among other things, we found
that measuring year-by-year changes in respondents’ life circumstances by reports of their own perception and experienced
life events, on average the values of the 27 variables changed in ways that were consistent with respondents’ reported changes
in 49.7% of the cases examined. The success rate of the assumption using self-perceptions of change (61.7%) was much higher
than the success rate using a net balance of experienced events (37.3%). 相似文献
535.
Similar to Schuirmann's two one-sided tests procedure for assessment of bioequivalence in average bioavailability (Schuirmann,), Liu and Chow proposed a two one-sided tests procedure for assessment of equivalence of variability of bioavailability. Their procedure is derived based on the correlation between crossover differences and subject totals. In this paper, we examined the performance of their test procedure in terms of its test size and power for various situations where the intersubject variability and the intrasubject variability of the test drug product are relatively larger, similar, and smaller than that of the intrasubject variability of the reference drug product. 相似文献
536.
Sally Monaghan Alex Blaszczynski 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(1):67-88
Harm-minimization strategies aim to reduce gambling-related risks; however, minimal evidence supports the effectiveness of
current strategies involving the placement of warning signs in gambling venues and on electronic gaming machines (EGMs). This
qualitative replication study evaluated the differential effect of pop-up messages compared to static signs and the content
of messages on EGMs on recall, thoughts, and behaviors assessed during the session and at 2-week follow-up. In Study 1, 127
regular EGM gamblers (male = 97, mean age = 20.3) recruited from a university student population attended a laboratory where
they were randomly assigned to play a computer-based simulated EGM analogue displaying signs that differed by (a) mode of
presentation (pop-up and static) and (b) message content (informative, self-appraisal, and control/blank). In Study 2, an
identical methodology was used but included the use of a simulated EGM within an in vivo gaming setting with 124 regular EGM
players (male = 81, mean age = 44.1). Results from both studies showed that pop-up messages were recalled more effectively
than static messages immediately and at 2-week follow-up. Pop-up messages reportedly had a significantly greater impact on
within-session thoughts and behaviors. Messages encouraging self-appraisal resulted in significantly greater effect on self-reported
thoughts and behaviors during both the experimental session and in subsequent EGM play. These findings support the effectiveness
of pop-up messages containing self-appraisal messages as an appropriate harm-minimization initiative. 相似文献
537.
This paper considers an aspect of possible managerial short-termism in the UK. It discusses some potential motivations for that phenomenon and presents evidence which suggests that short-termism exists and is positively associated with managerial perceptions of capital market valuation practices. Two hypotheses were developed and tested using the responses concerning R&D expenditure obtained from a postal questionnaire sent to the finance directors of theTimes 1000companies. These were that many top managers in UK quoted companies behave in a ‘short-termist’ manner; and that the extent to which managers behave as hypothesized above is positively associated with their perceptions of the level of emphasis placed by the capital market on measurements related to short-term reported earnings. The results obtained support the hypotheses. Overall, the evidence of the paper is consistent with the view that many finance directors of large UK companies are short-termist in their perceptions and that such short-termism is positively associated with their beliefs about the level of emphasis placed by the capital market on figures of reported earnings. 相似文献
538.
Experimental results on the Ellsberg paradox typically reveal behavior that is commonly interpreted as ambiguity aversion. The experiments reported in the current paper find the objective probabilities for drawing a red ball that make subjects indifferent between various risky and uncertain Ellsberg bets. They allow us to examine the predictive power of alternative principles of choice under uncertainty, including the objective maximin and Hurwicz criteria, the sure-thing principle, and the principle of insufficient reason. Contrary to our expectations, the principle of insufficient reason performed substantially better than rival theories in our experiment, with ambiguity aversion appearing only as a secondary phenomenon. 相似文献
539.
Alex Ocampo Heinz Schmidli Peter Quarg Francesca Callegari Marcello Pagano 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2021,20(6):1265-1277
Patients often discontinue from a clinical trial because their health condition is not improving or they cannot tolerate the assigned treatment. Consequently, the observed clinical outcomes in the trial are likely better on average than if every patient had completed the trial. If these differences between trial completers and non-completers cannot be explained by the observed data, then the study outcomes are missing not at random (MNAR). One way to overcome this problem—the trimmed means approach for missing data due to study discontinuation—sets missing values as the worst observed outcome and then trims away a fraction of the distribution from each treatment arm before calculating differences in treatment efficacy (Permutt T, Li F. Trimmed means for symptom trials with dropouts. Pharm Stat. 2017;16(1):20–28). In this paper, we derive sufficient and necessary conditions for when this approach can identify the average population treatment effect. Simulation studies show the trimmed means approach's ability to effectively estimate treatment efficacy when data are MNAR and missingness due to study discontinuation is strongly associated with an unfavorable outcome, but trimmed means fail when data are missing at random. If the reasons for study discontinuation in a clinical trial are known, analysts can improve estimates with a combination of multiple imputation and the trimmed means approach when the assumptions of each hold. We compare the methodology to existing approaches using data from a clinical trial for chronic pain. An R package trim implements the method. When the assumptions are justifiable, using trimmed means can help identify treatment effects notwithstanding MNAR data. 相似文献
540.
Multiple discrepancies theory (MDT) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Alex C. Michalos 《Social indicators research》1985,16(4):347-413
A fairly thorough account of multiple discrepancies theory (MDT) is presented, with a review of its historical antecedents and an examination of its strength in accounting for the happiness (H) and satisfaction (S) of nearly 700 university undergraduates. Basically, MDT asserts that H and S are functions of perceived gaps between what one has and wants, relevant others have, the best one has had in the past, expected to have 3 years ago, expects to have after 5 years, deserves and needs. MDT explained 49% of the variance in H, 53% in global S and 50% or more in 7 out of 12 domain S scores. The domains studied were health, finances, family, job, friendships, housing, area, recreation, religion, self-esteem, transportation and education. 相似文献