Decision Making in Evidence‐Based Practice: Science and Art

In this article the author reviews problems in the implementation of evidence‐based practices (EBP) and concludes that these derive not only from numerous practical concerns, but also from fundamental epistemological issues. These include an antiquated understanding of the scientific method, involving types of naive inductivism and rationalism. The central argument of this article is that recent developments in the field of naturalistic decision making provide a critical framework for understanding the problems in the implementation of EBP, as well as possible avenues for their resolution. Developments that are reviewed include the use of heuristics, decision trees, case‐based reasoning, as well as an example of a generalized model of expert decision making. Such models increasingly combine situational awareness with critical thinking and metacognitive capacities. They promise to more effectively focus the application of rational and empirical problem‐solving methods, such as EBP, on the most complex problems.     

Letters to the editor

This article proposes that an assessment of commercial feasibility should be integrated as a prerequisite for human clinical testing to improve the quality and relevance of materials being investigated, as an ethical aspect for human subject protection, and as a means of improving accountability where clinical development is funded on promises of successful translational research. A commercial feasibility analysis is not currently required to justify human clinical testing, but is assumed to have been conducted by industry participants, and use of public funds for clinical trials should be defensible in the same manner. Plant-made vaccines (PMVs) are offered in this discussion as a model for evaluating the relevance of commercial feasibility before human clinical testing. PMVs have been proposed as a potential solution for global health, based on a vision of immunizing the world against many infectious diseases. Such a vision depends on translating current knowledge in plant science and immunology into a potent vaccine that can be readily manufactured and distributed to those in need. But new biologics such as PMVs may fail to be manufactured due to financial or logistical reasons—particularly for orphan diseases without sufficient revenue incentive for industry investment—regardless of the effectiveness which might be demonstrated in human clinical testing. Moreover, all potential instruments of global health depend on translational agents well beyond the lab in order to reach those in need. A model comprising five criteria for commercial feasibility is suggested for inclusion by regulators and ethics review boards as part of the review process prior to approval of human clinical testing. Use of this model may help to facilitate safe and appropriate translational research and bring more immediate benefits to those in need.     

2013-2014年中国宏观经济预测与分析

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符合二胎政策妇女的生育意愿和生育行为差异——基于计划行为理论的实证研究

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中国人口普查年龄数据准确性检验:总和修正惠普尔指数的应用

针对传统惠普尔指数对尾数0和5不加区分的不足,人口学家发展出了尾数别与总和修正惠普尔指数,因充分考虑到0～9各尾数的偏好或回避,从而提供了一个更可靠的测量。文章将其应用于对新疆和全国近四次人口普查年龄数据的准确性进行检验。针对新疆所做分析表明,"三普"到"五普"之间,人口在尾数为0和5的年龄上存在堆积,但随着时间的推移,年龄堆积状况得到了很大的缓解。对全国的分析表明,近四次普查并不存在明显的年龄堆积,年龄数据质量较好,但年龄申报仍存在一定的尾数指向性,表现为偏好尾数7而回避尾数9。总体而言,该指数对于检验中国人口年龄数据的质量具有较好的有效性,可以对年龄申报中的尾数偏好进行更充分的分析和比较。     

篇终接混茫——从《吊床》一诗谈詹姆斯·赖特的艺术之路

《在明尼苏迭松树岛,躺在威廉·达菲农场的吊床上》是美国“深层意象”派代表诗人詹姆斯·赖特的名作。谈诗突兀而抽象的结尾句“我浪费了我的生命”一直是学界争议的焦点。实际上,诗人的生命之叹消融于其物质生命、艺术生命与情感生命的历史轨迹。反过来看,当我们了解赖特的成长过程、艺术风格的形成与转变、以及浓烈的家因意识后,就能从本质上全面领悟该诗的意蕴和结尾句的旨趣。     

教之道与师之责内外兼修:大学教师专业成长与自我实现的根本表征

教育教学质量的根在文化,魂在教师。教育教学质量的保障,于教师而言,意味着教之道与师之责内外兼修;于整个教学而言,意味着以大爱铸就师魂,在尊重差异、反思批判和交流互动的基础上,促成教师的专业成长与自我实现,这也是再生性质量观所倡导的教学双方同步共赢理念的体现。?更多还原     

在五中全会精神指引下推进高等教育的改革与发展

党的十八届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》为高等教育改革和发展指明了新方向。围绕提高教育质量这一核心,高等学校必须牢固树立创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念;必须落实立德树人的根本任务,加强社会主义核心价值观教育;必须将优化学科专业结构和人才培养机制作为重点;必须加强和完善党的领导,不断推进教育治理体系和治理能力现代化。这是深入学习贯彻五中全会精神的思考路向,也是在五中全会精神指引下推进高等教育改革和发展的应有作为。?更多还原     

义务教育优质学校的建设路径

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免费教育师范生职业理想教育目标体系建构

免费教育师范生职业理想教育是帮助免费教育师范生体悟和认同教师职业的意义与价值,自觉自愿将长期从教、终身从教作为自己的职业理想并为之不懈奋斗的中介和桥梁,是师范生免费教育的核心和灵魂。免费教育师范生职业理想教育的目标确立于社会性、政策性、个体性和学科性等基点之上,是规制和引导免费教育师范生职业理想教育活动的首要环节。免费教育师范生职业理想教育的目标体系是一个由培养合格教师、培养优秀教师、造就教育家构成的结构完整、层次清晰、逐级递进的"金字塔"逻辑体系,呈现出基于目标引领的方向性、基于社会需求的时代性、基于发展规律的整体性和基于教育过程的实践性等特征。