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101.
David Matsumoto Andres Olide Joanna Schug Bob Willingham Mike Callan 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2009,33(4):213-238
We report data concerning cross-cultural judgments of emotion in spontaneously produced facial expressions. Americans, Japanese,
British, and International Students in the US reliably attributed emotions to the expressions of Olympic judo athletes at
the end of a match for a medal, and at two times during the subsequent medal ceremonies. There were some observer culture
differences in absolute attribution agreement rates, but high cross-cultural agreement in differences in attribution rates
across expressions (relative agreement rates). Moreover, we operationalized signal clarity and demonstrated that it was associated
with agreement rates similarly in all cultures. Finally, we obtained judgments of won-lost match outcomes and medal finish,
and demonstrated that the emotion judgments were associated with accuracy in judgments of outcomes. These findings demonstrated
that members of different cultures reliably judge spontaneously expressed emotions, and that across observer cultures, lower
absolute agreement rates are related to noise produced by non-emotional facial behaviors. Also, the findings suggested that
observers of different cultures utilize the same facial cues when judging emotions, and that the signal value of facial expressions
is similar across cultures. 相似文献
102.
We examined how infants' categorization is jointly influenced by previous experience and how much they shift their gaze back-and-forth between stimuli. Extending previous findings reported by Kovack-Lesh, Horst, and Oakes (2008), we found that 4-month-old infants' (N = 122) learning of the exclusive category of cats was related to whether they had cats at home and how much they shifted attention between two available stimuli during familiarization. Individual differences in attention assessed in an unrelated task were not related to their categorization. Thus, infants' learning is multiply influenced by past experience and on-line attentional style. 相似文献
103.
Bob Batchelor 《Journal of popular culture》2016,49(6):1203-1205
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106.
The requirement for social work students to undergo assessed preparation prior to undertaking their first practice placement raises key questions about the type of knowledge and experience that is needed for those at the start of their training. This paper shows the need for social work educators to become re‐engaged in debates about the practice–theory relationship and to explore what is meant by an incremental approach to learning. A Preparation for Practice Learning module which was delivered to a cohort of Level 1 undergraduate social work students at a London university is described and evaluated. The paper highlights the key themes which emerged from the evaluation; these include the importance of work shadowing, observational learning and the centrality of critical reflection in aiding students' personal and professional learning. A discussion of its effectiveness in preparing students for their first practice learning experience follows. It concludes by recommending how students' learning in relation to the nature of social work and the skills required to undertake the role effectively might be addressed within the curriculum. Finally, a Preparation for Practice Learning model based on these findings is proposed. 相似文献
107.
Bob Russell 《Revue canadienne de sociologie》1997,34(1):25-52
Des changements dans l'organisation du travail, et plus particulièrement l'adoption de relations de production postfordistes, ont fait l'objet d'interprétations nouvelles. Certaines ont permis de déceler de nouveaux systèmes de gestion qui ont favorisé la mise en valeur des compétences et la création d'emplois plus intéressants et plus humains. D'autres ont allégué que les nouvelles relations au sein du lieu de travail entraînent une intensification de l'effort ouvrier qui n'a que peu à voir avec la production d'une meilleure qualité d'emploi. Cet article compare deux entreprises d'une même industrie - la production de potasse -, dont l'une à adopté les nouvelles pratiques de gestion et l'autre demeure traditionnelle, afin d'évaluer la validité de ces arguments opposés. Changes in the organization of work, and specifically the adoption of post-Fordist production relations, have been subject to alternative interpretations. Some have identified the new management systems with skill enhancement and the production of more interesting, humane jobs. Others have argued that the new workplace relations represent an intensification of work effort that has little to do with the production of better quality employment. To assess the validity of the competing claims, this article compares two firms in one industry, potash production: one has bought into the new managerial practices, while the other has remained traditional. 相似文献
108.
We introduce a new paradigm for the assessment of auditory and visual categories in 6‐month‐old infants using a 2‐alternative anticipatory eye‐movement response. Infants were trained by 2 different methods to anticipate the location of a visual reinforcer at 1 of 2 spatial locations (right or left) based on the identity of 2 cuing stimuli. After a training phase, infants were presented with a series of generalization trials in which novel (untrained) stimuli served as the cue to the anticipatory eye movement. Four experiments illustrated that infants can learn the 2‐choice discriminative response during training. Infants also showed anticipatory eye movements to novel stimuli, indicating sensitivity to variations along a variety of stimulus dimensions (e.g., color, shape, orientation, spatial frequency, pitch, and duration). In addition, the paradigm can be used to assess categorization in individual infants, thereby revealing the stimulus dimensions to which infants naturally attend. 相似文献
109.
Although valuable research has been undertaken in the United States little is yet known about the processes engaged in by supported employment projects for people with mental health problems. The study reported here explored these processes using semistructured interviews with employment project clients, their project workers and workplace managers. Of five projects involved in the research, two exemplified radically different approaches, one implicitly underpinned by a clinical model of recovery and the other by a social recovery model. In this article we draw on data from the seven cases studied from these projects to describe the two approaches and to consider their strengths and limitations. We conclude that approaches based on the social recovery model hold more promise, although such approaches would be enhanced through greater liaison with mental health professionals. In addition, funding structures are required that take account of job retention rates, rather than placement rates alone. 相似文献
110.
Since the mid‐1800s, experimental psychologists have been using eye movements and gaze direction to make inferences about perception and cognition in adults (Müller, 1826, cited in Boring, 1942). In the past 175 years, these oculomotor measures have been refined (see Kowler, 1990) and used to address similar questions in infants (see Aslin, 1985, 1987; Branson, 1982; Haith, 1980; Maurer, 1975). The general rationale for relying on these visual behaviors is that where one is looking is closely tied to what one is seeing. This is not to deny the fact that we can detect visual stimuli in the peripheral visual field, but rather that there is a bias to attend to and process information primarily when it is located in the central portion of the retina. Thus, although the direction of gaze is not perfectly correlated with the uptake of visual information (e.g., as in a blank stare or a covert shift of attention), there is a strong presumption that the direction of gaze can provide important information about visual stimuli even in newborn infants (Haith, 1966; Salapatek, 1968; Salapatek & Kessen, 1966). 相似文献