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131.
This paper outlines decomposition methods for assessing how exposure affects prevalence and cumulative relative risk. Let x denote a vector of exogenous covariates and suppose that a single dimension of time t governs two event processes T 1 and T 2 . If the occurrence of the event T 1 determines entry into the risk of the event T 2 , then subgroup variation in T 1 will affect the prevalence T 2 , even if subgroups in the population are otherwise identical. Although researchers often acknowledge this phenomenon, the literature has not provided procedures to assess the magnitude of an exposure effect of T 1 on the prevalence of T 2 . We derive decompositions that assess how variation in exposure generated by direct and indirect effects of the covariates x affect measures of absolute and relative prevalence of T 2 . We employ a parametric but highly flexible specification for baseline hazard for the T 1 and T 2 processes and use the resulting parametric proportional hazard model to illustrate the direct and indirect effects of family structure when T 1 is age at first sexual intercourse and T 2 is age at a premarital first birth for data on a cohort of non-hispanic white U.S. women. 相似文献
132.
A hybrid genetic algorithm/mathematical programming approach to the multi-family flowshop scheduling problem with lot streaming 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This paper presents a hybrid genetic algorithm/mathematical programming heuristic for the n-job, m-machine flowshop problems with lot streaming. The number of sublots for each job and the size of sublots are directly addressed by the heuristic and setups may be sequence-dependent. A new aspect of the problem, the interleaving of sublots from different jobs in the processing sequence, is developed and addressed. Computational results from 12 randomly generated test sets of 24 problems each are presented. 相似文献
133.
Stochastic scenario trees are a new and popular method by which surveillance systems can be analyzed to demonstrate freedom from pests and disease. For multiple component systems—such as a combination of a serological survey and systematically collected observations—it can be difficult to represent the complete system in a tree because many branches are required to represent complex conditional relationships. Here we show that many of the branches of some scenario trees have identical outcomes and are therefore redundant. We demonstrate how to prune branches and derive compact representations of scenario trees using matrix algebra and Bayesian belief networks. The Bayesian network representation is particularly useful for calculation and exposition. It therefore provides a firm basis for arguing disease freedom in international forums. 相似文献
134.
135.
Martin W 《Physician executive》1999,25(6):8-14
Physicians often determine the demand for health care services, as well as control the clinical processes aimed at improving health outcomes at the individual and population level. Given their important role in enhancing health status and improving the health care delivery system, it is critical that physician executives master the tools necessary to positively influence physician behavior. But changing behavior is far more complex than "doing it or not doing it." The Nike slogan "just do it" is motivating, but over-simplified. The roots of human change include: consciousness-raising, emotional arousal, commitment, helping relationships, self-reevaluation, reward, and environmental control. A model to effectively influence behavior is presented and includes setting clear expectations, measuring and monitoring performance, providing feedback, and rewarding and recognizing improvement. If all else fails, try discipline. This five-step approach is based on the science of human behavior and working with physicians in diverse settings, ranging from academic medical centers to small practices. 相似文献
136.
Although male sexual abuse has co-existed with female sexual abuse, the professional literature has paid minimal attention to the impact of sexual abuse of male children to their adult adaptation. This paper concentrates on the negative impact of sexual abuse on the adult male's gender identity. Examples of eight male clients' responses to sexual abuse in their adult life and the therapeutic framework utilized to work with them are discussed in the paper.This paper was originally presented at the ICAPP conference, 1993.He teaches advanced clinical practice, Human Behavior and AIDS ELECTIVE. He maintains a private practice specializing in Gay men, persons with HIV virus. 相似文献
137.
138.
This study examines the association between pollution disclosures and pollution performance and between pollution disclosures and economic performance for firms in highly polluting industries. An index of pollution disclosures is developed and correlated with indices of pollution performance and economic performance. The results confirm earlier findings that there is no association between pollution disclosures and pollution performance. As far as the association between economic performance and pollution disclosures is concerned, the results show that the subgroup of large firms with poor economic performance provides the most detailed pollution information. For smaller firms there is no association between economic performance and pollution disclosures. 相似文献
139.
Book reviewed in this article:
Daniel P. M oynihan , Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty. N.Y.: Free Press, 1969. xxi, 218 pp. $5.95. 相似文献
Daniel P. M oynihan , Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty. N.Y.: Free Press, 1969. xxi, 218 pp. $5.95. 相似文献
140.
This paper explores the possibility for a (non-preference-based) freedom ranking of opportunity sets that is sensitive to the diversity of the options. It turns out that how distances between sets and alternatives are measured is crucial to the derivation of such a ranking. Several proposals are examined, each of which is shown to lead to impossibility results.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at conferences in Kortrijk, Osnabrück, Oisterwijk, Caen and Pavia. I thank the participants at these conferences for their comments. I would also like to thank Steven Hartkamp, Theo Kuipers, Clemens Puppe and especially Kotaro Suzumura for their helpful comments. Furthermore, I am very grateful to Somdeb Lahiri for pointing out a mistake in a previous version of this paper. 相似文献