Worlds come apart: Systems theory versus critical theory. Drama in the history of sociology in the twentieth century

This article places an episode in the history of sociological theory into intellectual history in the twentieth century. The perspective is chronological as well as contextual. The themes are two theoretical approaches, both embedded in both American and German history, Parsonian Systems Theory and “Frankfurt School” Critical Theory. The chronology shown spanned mainly from the 1940s to the 1960s. The context of the two theories is a period that is crucial in twentieth century history. The protagonists of the two approaches were, in the 1940s, Americans and Germans exiled in the United States. In the 1950s, both approaches were affected by McCarthyism in different ways. The 1960s, however, were the culmination. The dynamics of the two approaches led into a schism which came into the open on the occasion of the 1964 German Sociology Conference in Heidelberg celebrating Max Weber. The article shows the stages in the evolution of the schism, emulating three acts in a drama. The final split was over whether Weber or Marx should be the classic whose oeuvre was to influence sociological thinking today. My aim is to exemplify how these two authoritative approaches in sociological theory, far from escaping the vagaries and vicissitudes of their times, were embedded in twentieth-century history.     

Partial strikes under the railway labor act: The need for a doctrine of unprotected concerted activity

In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called ” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations. Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations. Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’ and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments.     

锥蜗杆传动的计算机辅助设计

根据锥蜗杆传动的特点 ,利用AutoCADActiveX技术和ActiveX数据对象 (ADO) ,通过优化设计 ,作成CAD软件 ,使不熟悉锥蜗杆传动的技术人员也能设计出优良的锥蜗杆传动副     

Netzwerken: Reflexionen und Erfahrungen am Beispiel eines TrainerInnen und BeraterInnen-Netzwerkes

How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example.     

辛亥革命与早期共产党人的思想启蒙

辛亥革命是中华民族的一次伟大觉醒 ,是民族危机意识、救亡图存理念和民主革命思想的积聚和爆发 ,促进了爱国主义精神的空前高涨。早期共产党人一部分参加过辛亥革命 ,经历了辛亥革命的洗礼 ;一部分受到辛亥革命的深刻影响 ,接受了资产阶级民主革命思想 ,而后 ,又在反思辛亥革命和探索新出路的历程中 ,由民主主义者转变为共产主义者     

李觏遗存及祭祀述略

文章在查阅文献和实地考察的基础上，就抚州市区内李觏的遗存和历代祭祀情况作简要、客观的记述介绍，为李觏的研究者提供资料参照，其中，“龙马书院”过去少有提及，尤为值得关注。     

论经学对《汉书》义例的影响

经学对《汉书》的影响是深重的。经学对《汉书》义例的影响主要表现在两个方面：一是立名定目，依托经典；二是创立志表，弘扬经学。探讨经学对《汉书》的影响有助于解决一些史学问题。     

Führung durch Selbstführung

This paper outlines the conceptual bases, strategies, and psychological attributes of leadership by self-leadership. In addition, relations to other theories of leadership are drawn. Dimensions and correlates of self-leadership competence are described and discussed. Various approaches for developing self-leadership competence are discussed as well.     

论我国航空电子商务法律制度及其完善

上世纪70年代以来,航空运输电子凭证所代表的航空电子商务十分活跃,为此展开的航空立法也特别活跃,形成了比较完整的航空电子商务法律制度。在这一进程中,我国的相关立法启动较晚,特别是我国《民用航空法》关于航空电子凭证的法律缺位,造成了其与《合同法》及1999年《蒙特利尔公约》的法律冲突。作为上层建筑,航空法理应随客观情势不断完善,尽可能与航空运输实践保持同步。在经济力量迅速壮大、个人力量急剧萎缩的今天,尤其需要借助法律构建人文的而非冰冷的法律规制。在此意义上,求解之道自然是借鉴晚近的国际航空私法修订和完善我国航空电子商务法律制度。     

Simple detection of outlying short time series

Sets of relatively short time series arise in many situations. One aspect of their analysis may be the detection of outlying series. We examine the performance of standard normal outlier tests applied to the means, or to simple functions of the means, of AR(1) series, not necessarily of equal lengths. Although unequal lengths of series implies that the means have unequal variances, that are only known approximately, it is shown that nominal significance levels hold good under most circumstances. Thus a standard outlier test can usefully be applied, avoiding the complication of estimating the time series' parameters. The test's power is affected by unequal lengths, being higher when the slippage occurs in one of the longer series