Model selection for factor analysis: Some new criteria and performance comparisons

This paper derives Akaike information criterion (AIC), corrected AIC, the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and Hannan and Quinn’s information criterion for approximate factor models assuming a large number of cross-sectional observations and studies the consistency properties of these information criteria. It also reports extensive simulation results comparing the performance of the extant and new procedures for the selection of the number of factors. The simulation results show the di?culty of determining which criterion performs best. In practice, it is advisable to consider several criteria at the same time, especially Hannan and Quinn’s information criterion, Bai and Ng’s IC_p2 and BIC₃, and Onatski’s and Ahn and Horenstein’s eigenvalue-based criteria. The model-selection criteria considered in this paper are also applied to Stock and Watson’s two macroeconomic data sets. The results differ considerably depending on the model-selection criterion in use, but evidence suggesting five factors for the first data and five to seven factors for the second data is obtainable.     

油松花粉离体萌发及萌发特征研究

为了加强油松有性杂交,为种子园育种研究奠定基础,对油松花粉离体萌发的适宜条件及萌发特征进行了系统研究.结果表明,油松花粉在无蔗糖培养基中仍具一定萌发能力,蔗糖的添加可显著促进花粉萌发,但高浓度蔗糖可抑制花粉管的生长;油松花粉管易形成分枝,蔗糖浓度与分枝花粉频率呈正相关;硼酸的添加在培养初期可有效加速花粉萌发,但过高浓度的硼酸对花粉萌发具抑制作用;Ca2+对花粉萌发的影响较小,不同浓度Ca2+处理均可获得较高的萌发率;培养温度对花粉萌发的促进作用明显,但温度的持续升高将抑制花粉萌发.综合萌发率、花粉管生长及分枝花粉管频率,油松花粉萌发的最适液体培养基组成为:2.00％蔗糖+0.075％硼酸+0.005％ Ca2+,26℃下光照培养,72 h时萌发率可达(96.10±0.47)％.     

文学作品与大学生人文素养的提高

针对在校大学生对文学名著的价值取向,贴近他们的思想热点和心理需求,挖掘外国文学名著的启发警示意义,有助于提高人文素养,提升思想道德境界.     

基于因子分析的株洲各县市区 综合经济实力评价

市区经济发展离不开本市各个县市区经济的贡献,而本市各县市区发展之间的差异会影响整个市区的经济发展。株洲市近几年来发展迅速,但各县市区的发展却有很大差异。通过因子分析方法研究株洲市各县市区的综合经济实力问题,并根据株洲统计年鉴提出了14个反映城市综合经济实力的指标。研究结果反映了株洲市各县市区的经济发展之间差异,为株洲市经济发展提供了参考。     

Likelihood approach for evaluating bioequivalence of highly variable drugs

Bioequivalence (BE) is required for approving a generic drug. The two one‐sided tests procedure (TOST, or the 90% confidence interval approach) has been used as the mainstream methodology to test average BE (ABE) on pharmacokinetic parameters such as the area under the blood concentration‐time curve and the peak concentration. However, for highly variable drugs (%CV > 30%), it is difficult to demonstrate ABE in a standard cross‐over study with the typical number of subjects using the TOST because of lack of power. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency recommended similar but not identical reference‐scaled average BE (RSABE) approaches to address this issue. Although the power is improved, the new approaches may not guarantee a high level of confidence for the true difference between two drugs at the ABE boundaries. It is also difficult for these approaches to address the issues of population BE (PBE) and individual BE (IBE). We advocate the use of a likelihood approach for representing and interpreting BE data as evidence. Using example data from a full replicate 2 × 4 cross‐over study, we demonstrate how to present evidence using the profile likelihoods for the mean difference and standard deviation ratios of the two drugs for the pharmacokinetic parameters. With this approach, we present evidence for PBE and IBE as well as ABE within a unified framework. Our simulations show that the operating characteristics of the proposed likelihood approach are comparable with the RSABE approaches when the same criteria are applied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国英语的本质、根源及发展——基于语言变异理论的解读

语言变异理论基于语言系统异质说,对英语变体的形成具有较强的解释力。如果将世界英语看做是一个有序异质的系统,不同区域所使用的英语都有本土化的异质因素(共核英语除外),当这些异质因素在本土社团中的影响越来越大并开始传播时区域变体就会产生。中国英语就是这样一个典型实例。作为一种英语变体,其语法规范以母语国家的英语语法为标准,擅长表达中国社会特有的经济、文化等概念和事物,在句式和语篇诸多层面受到汉语思维的影响。中国英语是英语全球化与本土化相结合的产物,是社会发展的必然结果。中国英语作为一种新的语言变体,受到学界越来越多的关注,其发展方向对语言学的研究和我国的英语教学都将产生重要的影响。     

隐喻话语的认知解读

隐喻不仅是一种修辞现象,而且是人类对客观世界的一种认知方式,存在于人类思维中。人类的话语中充满了隐喻。从认知角度对隐喻话语进行解读,隐喻话语建构的特点体现为：主体认知性、修辞性和社会性。隐喻话语解读的特点体现为：动态开放性、审美互动性和意象塑造性。     

当代中国环境立法评析

现代意义的中国环境法兴起于本世纪 70年代 ,经过二十多年的发展 ,现已形成了以《宪法》为核心 ,以《环境保护法》为基本法 ,以环境与资源保护的有关法律、法规为主要内容的基本完备的法律体系。但在这个体系内部 ,还存在着不少急需解决的问题。在回顾我国现代环境法发展历史过程的基础上 ,本文分析了我国目前环境立法还存在的不足 ,并就改善环境法立法的有效途径做了初步探讨     

从法国看日本民俗(民族)学

本文作者自1972年开始接触日本民俗学,不断来往于法国和日本之间的独特研究经历,让作者在本文中形成内外交织的理论视角.本文首先介绍了日本民俗学自建立之初以来的理论基础、主要范围和重大问题,然后从个人的研究经验出发,解释这一学科的实践内容,以及国际合作方式对研究带来的影响.最后,本文再次思考了人类学中重要的主位和客位概念,主位和客位问题不仅是日本民俗学面临的问题,也是民俗学和人类学共同面对的理论问题.     

Constructing poverty in anti-welfare Singapore

In recent years, attention on the issue of poverty in Singapore has been increasingly placed in the spotlight. This study examines the various types of attitudes among Singaporeans and how they are formed, relating them to the broader institutional context of Singapore. A mixed method design is employed where clusters or groups of attitudes are derived through the use of cluster analysis. Subsequently, discourses of poverty and welfare attitudes are construed through qualitative interviews with the aid of Foucauldian Discourse Analysis. Quantitative findings point to three clusters of attitudes: ‘Conservatives’, ‘Liberals’, and ‘Sui Generis’. Qualitative findings, however, show that ‘Sui Generis’ ultimately align themselves closer to either ‘Conservatives’ or ‘Liberals’ in their discourses of welfare. In fact, respondents in all three clusters reproduce state discourses, albeit in varying ways. In essence, this study explicates poverty and welfare attitudes as a product of social identities premised on subjective notions that are shaped by state discourses of meritocracy, self-reliance and anti-welfarism. It is thus argued that current socio-political constructions of poverty ensue a paucity of major welfare reform in the near future of Singapore.