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151.
Joel E. Cohen 《The American statistician》2019,73(1):56-60
The mean and variance of a sum of a random number of random variables are well known when the number of summands is independent of each summand and when the summands are independent and identically distributed (iid), or when all summands are identical. In scientific and financial applications, the preceding conditions are often too restrictive. Here, we calculate the mean and variance of a sum of a random number of random summands when the mean and variance of each summand depend on the number of summands and when every pair of summands has the same correlation. This article shows that the variance increases with the correlation between summands and equals the variance in the iid or identical cases when the correlation is zero or one. 相似文献
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153.
Conclusion We have argued that the influence of high levels of density on human health and behavior may be determined more by the individual's beliefs about hislher relationship to the environment than by the environment itself.An important implication of this analysis is that the behavior and health of those experiencing high density conditions can be altered (improved?) not only by changing their environment, but also by changing their attitudes toward their environment. Thus both interventions that actually provide people with the opportunity to terminate, periodically escape, or modify unwanted stimulation and those that otherwise provide them with the belief that such changes are within their power should similarly ameliorate the negative impact of high density.Preparation of this paper was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (SOC 75-09224 and BNS 77-08576). 相似文献
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This paper examines gendered housework in the larger context of comparative social change, asking specifically whether cross‐national differences in domestic labor patterns converge over time. Our analysis of data from 13 countries (N = 11,065) from the 1994 and 2002 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) confirmed that social context matters in shaping couples' division of labor at home, but also showed that context affects patterns of change. Our results suggested that, compared to the most egalitarian countries, the shift in housework patterns was greatest among the most traditional countries. This provides support for the thesis of cultural convergence, but the evidence did not suggest that such convergence will lead to complete equality in the foreseeable future. 相似文献
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Theory and Decision - 相似文献
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Joseph Cohen 《Symbolic Interaction》1989,12(2):191-213
Reasoning on the basis of the nature of a series of characteristics of social systems, Talcott Parsons asserted that relations of persons with others are interactional, but that their relations with what he called nonsocial objects-physical and cultural objects-are other than interactional. Logical as well as common sense considerations show that persons do interact both with categories of objects. Symbolic interactionists hold that interaction of persons with nonhuman objects-their designation of what Parsons called nonsocial objects-occurs during the course of the persons taking the roles of such objects internally with presumed mutuality, that is thinking about them, and interpreting them as one or another of three different kinds of signs. In the symbolic interactionist perspective, the overarching background of all interaction is the active self mediating reflexively between the persons and whatever kinds of objects with which they are involved. 相似文献
160.
Bernard L. Cohen 《Risk analysis》1983,3(4):237-243
The differences between probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) and safety analysis (SA) are discussed, and it is shown that PRA is more suitable than SA for determining the acceptability of a technology. Since a PRA by the fault tree-event tree analysis method used for reactor safety studies does not seem to be practical for buried waste, an alternative approach is suggested using geochemical analogs. This method is illustrated for the cases of high-level and low-level radioactive waste and for chemical carcinogens released in coal burning. 相似文献