The intersection of disability and child abuse in England and the United States

This article reports the findings of a World Rehabilitation Fund Fellowship study on the intersection of child abuse, family support, and disability in England. These findings are then compared to the American picture in this arena, and implications for new directions are delineated.     

Socioeconomic dualism: the case of Israeli-born immigrants in the United States

Relying on the 1980 US Census of Foreign-Born Population and the 1979 Immigration and Naturalization Service Public Use File, this article compares Israeli-born Americans (including Arabs) to both the US and Israeli populations with respect to age, marital status, unemployment, education, industry, occupation, and income as of 1979-1980. Some of the results, mainly those pertaining to the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Israeli immigrants as compared to their society of origin, corroborate previous research. Thus, Israeli-born immigrants in the US held top white-collar jobs and were less likely to be unemployed than the rest of the Israeli labor force. Once in America, however, it seems that not all Israeli-born Americans are as successful as portrayed by past research. In fact, the Census data reveal occupational and economic dualism among the population of Israeli-born Americans. The reasons for this dualism are discussed.     

Seasonal daily effect on the number of births in Israel

Previous studies have observed a 7-day cycle with the least number of births occurring on Sundays. This study was aimed at characterizing the daily effect on the number of births in Israel, where Sunday is a regular working day and Saturday is a nonworking day. It was hypothesized that fewer births would be noted on Saturday rather than Sunday and fewer births on Jewish holidays. The data consisted of a random sample of live births during 1975. A robust time series procedure was used for the data analysis. As expected, the number of births was much smaller on Saturdays than on other weekdays (10% reduction). The seasonal component for Sundays was greater than that for any other day due to births delayed from Saturday and scheduled induced births. The number of births was not reduced as much on Saturdays during spring and summer as during fall and winter. In addition, fewer births occurred on most Jewish holidays. However, an unexpected and extremely high number of births was noted on Yom Kippur and the day after. It is speculated that the strain and fasting during this holiday promoted labor induction. In 21 of the 52 weeks in the study period, the least number of births occurred on a Saturday, and the number of births was less than the mean of the remaining 6 days in 46 of these weeks. Similarly, in 17 of the 52 weeks, the greatest number of births occurred on a Sunday, and the Sunday births exceeded the mean of Monday-Friday births in 35 of these weeks. Thus, these results confirm the study hypothesis and are believed to reflect intervention in childbirth.     

Options for balancing the OASDI Trust Funds for the long term

This article explores policy alternatives that can bring Social Security (OASDI) into long-term balance. The alternatives conform to long-standing principles that benefits are: an earned right, related to pay and time in the workforce, not based primarily on need; and related to annual changes in the cost of living. Furthermore, the OASDI is self-financed, employers and employees contribute equally, and participation is compulsory. In order to maintain public support, the policy alternatives also spread the "pain" of change between workers and beneficiaries, maintain income replacement rates for low-income earners, and retain a positive correlation between taxes and benefits. The article discusses varying four policy parameters to balance the funds: the primary insurance amount, the cost-of-living adjustment; the normal retirement age; and the payroll tax rate. Only by changing several policy parameters can all the objectives be satisfied. Discussed in detail are three scenarios, each of which includes a COLA cut and a pay-as-you-go FICA tax rate.     

Biogeographical Analysis of Chemical Co‐Occurrence Data to Identify Priorities for Mixtures Research

A challenge with multiple chemical risk assessment is the need to consider the joint behavior of chemicals in mixtures. To address this need, pharmacologists and toxicologists have developed methods over the years to evaluate and test chemical interaction. In practice, however, testing of chemical interaction more often comprises ad hoc binary combinations and rarely examines higher order combinations. One explanation for this practice is the belief that there are simply too many possible combinations of chemicals to consider. Indeed, under stochastic conditions the possible number of chemical combinations scales geometrically as the pool of chemicals increases. However, the occurrence of chemicals in the environment is determined by factors, economic in part, which favor some chemicals over others. We investigate methods from the field of biogeography, originally developed to study avian species co‐occurrence patterns, and adapt these approaches to examine chemical co‐occurrence. These methods were applied to a national survey of pesticide residues in 168 child care centers from across the country. Our findings show that pesticide co‐occurrence in the child care center was not random but highly structured, leading to the co‐occurrence of specific pesticide combinations. Thus, ecological studies of species co‐occurrence parallel the issue of chemical co‐occurrence at specific locations. Both are driven by processes that introduce structure in the pattern of co‐occurrence. We conclude that the biogeographical tools used to determine when this structure occurs in ecological studies are relevant to evaluations of pesticide mixtures for exposure and risk assessment.     

An experimental investigation of imprecision attitude and its relation with risk attitude and impatience

We report in this article the result of three experiments on risk, ambiguity, and time attitude. The first two differed by the population considered (students vs. general population) while the third one used a different protocol and concerned students and portfolio managers. We find quite a lot of heterogeneity at the individual level. Of principal interest was the elicitation of risk, time, and ambiguity attitudes and the relationship among these (model free) measures. We find that on the student population, there is essentially no correlation. A non-negligible fraction of the population behaves in an extremely cautious manner in the risk and ambiguity domain. When we drop this population from the sample, the correlation between our measures is also non-significant. We also raise three questions linked to measurement of ambiguity attitudes that come out from our data sets.