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341.
The Malaysian Quality of Life Index (MQLI) released by the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), has led authors to search for alternative
method of expressing this index. One of the limitations in MQLI computations is the failure to recognise unequal weights for
each accounted component. This paper offers a new way of expressing the quality of life index using a mathematical modelling
based on fuzzy sets theory and the proposed weights based on Maslow’s theory of hierarchical human needs. The indices of 11
components that were used to compute MQLI, again be gathered as a basis in expressing a new Malaysian Fuzzy Quality of Life
Index (MFQLI). The new indices for each component yielded through a normalisation process prior weighting and aggregation
to compose a new MFQLI. It was found that a fuzzy sets approach with the inclusion of weights based on human needs yielded
a better index of quality of life than the MQLI. 相似文献
342.
The European Social Survey, on which this issue of the journal focuses, is a 30-nation multi-funded survey series measuring
attitude change. Started in 2001, it is characterised by unusually high standards of sampling and data equivalence. Its data
are made available on-line with equal access to all, and have already attracted over 20,000 users. Many papers, articles and
books based on the ESS have already appeared. But none has yet employed the data—whether alone or with other sources—to derive
indicators of citizens’ cognitive judgements of their society. A recent EC grant is enabling the authors to fill this gap,
covering topics such as trust in national institutions, tolerance, social cohesion, social trust and fear of crime. The aim
is to be able to monitor changes over time in the distance between what citizens believe their society ought to be in these
respects and how they actually perceive it to be.
相似文献
Roger JowellEmail: |
343.
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345.
Brian Opeskin 《Journal of Population Research》2009,26(2):175-199
Most Pacific Island countries are located in the tropics, where there is an abundance of mosquitoes with the potential to
carry debilitating or life-threatening vector-borne diseases. This article examines three Melanesian countries in which malaria
is endemic—Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu—but the threat posed by the spread of malaria gives the issues a
broader significance to the Pacific region. After discussing the spatial distribution and prevalence of malaria in the Pacific,
the article examines a number of health interventions through which people have sought to control malaria. Although the disease
was nearly eradicated in the Pacific in the 1970s, it is no longer in retreat. The article concludes by examining why there
are still grounds for cautious optimism, and the challenges that Pacific Island countries face in reducing the impact of malaria
on their populations. There is a need for prompt and concerted action on malaria at the national, regional and international
levels if the public health concerns arising from the disease are to be adequately addressed. 相似文献
346.
Mariacristina Piva Massimiliano Tani Marco Vivarelli 《Journal of population economics》2018,31(4):1321-1338
We investigate whether labor mobility can be a distinct source of growth by studying the productivity impact of business visits (BVs), vis-à-vis that of other well-known drivers of productivity enhancement. Our analysis uses an unbalanced panel—covering on average 16 sectors per year in ten countries during the period 1998–2011—which combines unique and novel data on BVs sourced from the US National Business Travel Association with Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) data on R&D and capital formation. We find that mobility through BVs is an effective mechanism to improve productivity, being about half that obtained by investing in R&D. This relevant finding invites viewing short-term mobility as a strategic mechanism and prospective policy tool to overcome productivity slowdowns and foster economic growth. 相似文献
347.
Lingxin Hao Nan M. Astone Andrew J. Cherlin 《Population research and policy review》2007,26(3):235-257
This paper is an assessment of the impact of child support enforcement and welfare policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing
and motherhood. We derive four hypotheses about the effects of policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood.
We propose that teenage motherhood and school enrollment are joint decisions for teenage girls. Based on individual trajectories
during ages 12–19, our analysis uses an event history model for nonmarital teenage childbearing and a dynamic model of motherhood
that is jointly determined with school enrollment. We find some evidence that child support policies indirectly reduce teen
motherhood by increasing the probability of school enrollment, which, in turn, reduces the probability of teen motherhood.
This finding suggests that welfare offices may wish to place greater weight on outreach programs that inform more teenagers
of the existence of strong child support enforcement measures. Such programs might reduce nonmarital teen motherhood further
and thus reduce the need for welfare support and child support enforcement in the long run.
相似文献
Lingxin HaoEmail: |
348.
A large number of functional forms has been suggested in the literature for estimating Lorenz curves that describe the relationship between income and population shares. The traditional way of overcoming functional-form uncertainty when estimating a Lorenz curve is to choose the function that best fits the data in some sense. In this paper we describe an alternative approach for accommodating functional-form uncertainty, namely, how to use Bayesian model averaging to average the alternative functional forms. In this averaging process, the different Lorenz curves are weighted by their posterior probabilities of being correct. Unlike a strategy of picking the best-fitting function, Bayesian model averaging gives posterior standard deviations that reflect the functional-form uncertainty. Building on our earlier work (Chotikapanich and Griffiths, 2002), we construct likelihood functions using the Dirichlet distribution and estimate a number of Lorenz functions for Australian income units. Prior information is formulated in terms of the Gini coefficient and the income shares of the poorest 10% and poorest 90% of the population. Posterior density functions for these quantities are derived for each Lorenz function and are averaged over all the Lorenz functions. 相似文献
349.
Dirk Kiesewetter Tobias Steigenberger Matthias Stier 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2018,88(9):1029-1060
The European Commission has been supporting a transition from a system of separate accounting to formula apportionment. After its 2011 draft directive was rejected by the Council, the Commission presented two new draft directives in October 2016, one stipulating rules for a common tax base and another the terms for consolidation and apportionment. The aspired system of unitary taxation is considered more resistant to profit shifting and assumed to reduce compliance costs. However, there are also doubts about the extent, to which such a system will eradicate tax-planning activities of MNEs. Other concerns have arisen about the practical issue of enforcing uniform rules for asset valuation throughout the member states. We use a dynamic model of tax accounting based on neoclassical investment theory and effective tax rates to determine to what extent formula apportionment mitigates the efficiency of typical profit-shifting strategies. We focus on the roles of transfer pricing and intragroup debt financing (through loans and leases) under both separate accounting and formula apportionment. We also take into account a possible leeway for inconsistent valuation. Our results show that instead of eliminating tax planning strategies, the proposed system might simply induce a shift from manipulating reported profits to influencing the apportionment key. Inside the European Union, the CCCTB may be able to render thin capitalisation rules and transfer pricing documentation redundant. However, formula apportionment invites for new forms of tax planning. It is therefore essential to give credit to these new kinds of tax incentives when implementing a system of unitary taxation. 相似文献
350.
Andreas Dellnitz Andreas Kleine Wilhelm Rödder 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2018,88(7-8):831-850
The CCR model by Charnes et al. (Eur J Oper Res 2:429–444, 1978) together with the BCC model by Banker et al. (Manag Sci 30:1078–1091, 1984) are the most popular approaches of measuring efficiency among a group of decision making units, DMUs, in data envelopment analysis, DEA. The right choice of a DEA model—CCR or BCC—often, if not always, is a difficult decision. To evaluate a DMU’s efficiency for both models might be helpful, but it does not always capture the essential issues at stake. In this paper we propose a comparative analysis of both concepts: How does activity scaling under constant BCC-efficiency influence CCR-efficiency. And inversely, how does BCC-efficiency behave when activity scaling under constant CCR-efficiency is applied. Such findings of mutual effects improve a DMU’s ability to reassess upsizing and downsizing of activities. Moreover, it allows for exact calculations of the resulting economic effects, and these effects give new insights beyond classical DEA. Finally, scale efficiency turns out to be the ideal concept to control these activity changes, rather than just CCR- or BCC-efficiency. We use a little numerical example to emphasize advantages of the new concept and sketch the new findings for a theater scenery. 相似文献