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441.
This paper extends earlier conceptual and empirical work by Bell, Lebergott, and Moore on changes in the American occupational system in the post-World War II period. After updating and extending several time series of occupational indicators used by these authors and adding some others as well, the authors specify and estimate a number of dynamic structural-equation models to explain changes in the occupational system as indexed by the social indicators. These equations indicate: (1) that Bell's thesis about a shift from a production of goods orientation to a performance of services orientation in post-war American society needs to be qualified; (2) that the shift is due more to increased productivity in argriculture rather than in industry; (3) that increased bureaucratization of employment results, in part, from the shift out of agriculture and other post-war trends in the technological and organizational context of the work environment; and (4) that societal investments in military technology and in scientific research and development have had an important impact upon the occupational system in terms of shifting upwards the distribution of occupations with respect to prestige. In each of the topics analyzed, the authors make suggestions for developing additional indicators and for refining the structural equations. In addition, the potential of these equations for social forecasting is considered.  相似文献   
442.
The authors attempt to demystify the process of conducting cost effectiveness research by defining relevant terms and decribing the necessary steps. Two provious cost-effectiveness studies of family based treatment are briefly described to illustrate cost-analysis procedures that may be used in future family therapy research.  相似文献   
443.

Background

Aboriginal women and families are under-represented in Australian research on pregnancy and childbirth. The Aboriginal Families Study aimed to investigate the views and experiences of a representative sample of women giving birth to an Aboriginal baby in South Australia between July 2011 and June 2013, using methods designed to respect Aboriginal culture and communities.

Methods

A team of 12 Aboriginal researchers facilitated community engagement and recruitment of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal mothers of Aboriginal infants in urban, regional and remote areas of South Australia over a two-year period.

Results

A total of 344 women took part, around a quarter of all Aboriginal women giving birth in South Australia in the study period (39% urban, 35% regional and 25% from remote areas). Participants were representative in relation to maternal age (mean age of 25 years, range = 15–43 years). Over half of women (56%) first heard about the study via a member of the fieldwork team making contact with them through community connections. Other major sources of recruitment were: Aboriginal health services/programs (20%) and public maternity hospitals (16%). Almost all of the women (95%) recruited via community networks of the fieldwork team completed the questionnaire. In contrast, 51% of women recruited via public hospitals completed the questionnaire (odds ratio = 0.1, 95% confidence interval 0.0–0.1, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Aboriginal researchers’ community knowledge and leadership is critical to the conduct of successful Aboriginal health research. High levels of participation in research by ‘harder to reach’ populations are achievable when researchers take time to build relationships and work in partnership with communities.  相似文献   
444.
BOOK REVIEWS     
Book reviewed in this article: PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Tiefer, L. (1995). Sex is not a natural act and other essays. PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Carr, A. (1995). Positive practice: A step-by-step guide to family therapy. PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Read, J. (1995). Counseling for fertility problems. PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Roy, R., & Frankel, H. (1995). How good is family therapy? A reassessment. PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Kaslow, F. (1995). Projective genogramming. PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Held, B. S. (1995). Back to reality: A critique of postmodern theory in psychotherapy. PROFESSIONAL BOOKS: Fontes, L. A. (Ed.). (1995). Sexual abuse in nine north American cultures. GENERAL INTEREST BOOK: Bor, R., & Elford, J. (Eds.). (1994). The family and HIV. SELF-HELP BOOKS: Wassil-Grimm, C. (1994). Where's daddy? How divorced, single, and widowed mothers can provide what's missing when dad's missing. SELF-HELP BOOKS: Block J. (1994). Family myths: Living our roles, betraying ourselves. VIDEOTAPE REVIEW: The Psychological Residuals of Slavery. (1995). (Videotape presenting emotional and behavioral consequences of historical enslavement on contemporary African Americans).  相似文献   
445.
446.
This paper reports on the curricular components of a course entitled "Ethical, Legal and Professional Issues in Family Therapy." To aid in replication and assessment, selected teaching strategies are also presented.  相似文献   
447.
448.
    
The Mantel and Knox space–time clustering statistics are popular tools to establish transmissibility of a disease and detect outbreaks. The most commonly used null distributional approximations may provide poor fits, and researchers often resort to direct sampling from the permutation distribution. However, the exact first four moments for these statistics are available, and Pearson distributional approximations are often effective. Thus, our first goals are to clarify the literature and make these tools more widely available. In addition, by rewriting terms in the statistics, we obtain the exact first four permutation moments for the most commonly used quadratic form statistics, which need not be positive definite. The extension of this work to quadratic forms greatly expands the utility of density approximations for these problems, including for high‐dimensional applications, where the statistics must be extreme in order to exceed stringent testing thresholds. We demonstrate the methods using examples from the investigation of disease transmission in cattle, the association of a gene expression pathway with breast cancer survival, regional genetic association with cystic fibrosis lung disease and hypothesis testing for smoothed local linear regression. © The Authors. Stat published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   
449.
Despite the development of increasingly sophisticated and refined multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, an examination of the experimental evidence indicates that users most often prefer relatively unsophisticated methods. In this paper, we synthesize theories and empirical findings from the psychology of judgment and choice to provide a new theoretical explanation for such user preferences. Our argument centers on the assertion that the MCDM method preferred by decision makers is a function of the degree to which the method tends to introduce decisional conflict. The model we develop relates response mode, decision strategy, and the salience of decisional conflict to user preferences among decision aids. We then show that the model is consistent with empirical results in MCDM studies. Next, the role of decisional conflict in problem formulation aids is briefly discussed. Finally, we outline future research needed to thoroughly test the theoretical mechanisms we have proposed.  相似文献   
450.
    
Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Skin cancers are classified as nonmelanoma and melanoma, with the first type being the most frequent and the second type being the most deadly. The key to effective treatment of skin cancer is early detection. With the recent increase of computational power, the number of algorithms to detect and classify skin lesions has increased. The overall verdict on systems based on clinical and dermoscopic images captured with conventional RGB (red, green, and blue) cameras is that they do not outperform dermatologists. Computer‐based systems based on conventional RGB images seem to have reached an upper limit in their performance, while emerging technologies such as hyperspectral and multispectral imaging might possibly improve the results. These types of images can explore spectral regions beyond the human eye capabilities. Feature selection and dimensionality reduction are crucial parts of extracting salient information from this type of data. It is necessary to extend current classification methodologies to use all of the spatiospectral information, and deep learning models should be explored since they are capable of learning robust feature detectors from data. There is a lack of large, high‐quality datasets of hyperspectral skin lesion images, and there is a need for tools that can aid with monitoring the evolution of skin lesions over time. To understand the rich information contained in hyperspectral images, further research using data science and statistical methodologies, such as functional data analysis, scale‐space theory, machine learning, and so on, are essential. This article is categorized under:
  • Applications of Computational Statistics > Health and Medical Data/Informatics
  相似文献   
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