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91.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the legality of race-based affirmative action at universities in 2003. Although the decisions affirmed the legality of considering race in college admissions decisions, their long-term effects are not entirely clear. They neither resolved conflicts nor solved problems affirmative action was intended to address, namely, disparities in educational outcomes between Whites and ethnic/racial minorities. Although disparities have diminished since 1965, policies and practices to sustain and further increase diversity in higher education without affirmative action are needed. This article provides historical and conceptual grounding for this JSI issue, which examines approaches for attaining campus diversity. Collectively, the issue provides approaches for increasing diversity as well as strategies for managing and benefiting from diversity in postsecondary environments. 相似文献
92.
This paper offers a detailed examination of the evolution of social patterns within a representative outer council estate in Birmingham, England during 1971–1981. The findings disclose several important changes including a growing association of flatted accommodation with smaller childless households and increasing social deprivation on the whole estate. 相似文献
93.
94.
Sajeda Amin John Bongaarts John B. Casterline Susan Greenhalgh Geoffrey McNicoll Michael P. Todaro 《Population and development review》2002,28(3):571-577
Books reviewed in this article: Laurel Bossen, Chinese Women and Rural Development: Sixty Years of Change in Lu Village, Yunnan Fabrizio Butera and Gabriel Mugny (EDS.), Social Influence in Social Reality: Promoting Individual and Social Change Harold Coward and Daniel C. Maguire (EDS.), Visions of a New Earth: Religious Perspectives on Population, Consumption, and Ecology Martha C. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach Fred C. Pampel, The Institutional Context of Population Change: Patterns of Fertility and Mortality across High‐Income Nations Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Deborah Waller Meyers (EDS.), Caught in the Middle: Border Communities in an Era of Globalization Per Pinstrup‐Andersen and Ebbe Scniøler, Seeds of Contention: World Hunger and the Global Controversy over GM Crops Walter Scheidel (ED.), Debating Roman Demography 相似文献
95.
Social Indicators Research - 相似文献
96.
Geoffrey COOKE 《Sociological inquiry》1981,51(1):37-46
This paper proposes two analytical concepts that can be derived from and added to the theory of action. Using these concepts, a systematic exploration of the relationship between the pattern variables and the generalised media is given. A matrix of sanction situations generates four ideal-types of sanction interaction in which actors' orientations are aligned and twelve with misaligned orientations. A link with the joint action of symbolic interactionism is suggested and the use of a more developed concept of interaction recommended. 相似文献
97.
98.
Much of the debate on the demographic consequences of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa has so far centred around the plausibility of population declines in areas where unprecendently high rates of population growth have recently been in evidence. In this article, the authors use a mathematical model, which combines epidemiological and demographic processes, to illustrate how, under a broad range of impacts on population growth, major changes in demographic features, such as the extent of orphanhood within populations, are likely to occur. At the same time, HIV epidemics are liable to cause significant shifts in the age and sex composition of affected populations, which may have important implications for the ways in which they are best able to cope with the increases in orphanhood, as well as those in infant, early childhood and adult mortality. 相似文献
99.
100.
Finite mixtures of multivariate skew t (MST) distributions have proven to be useful in modelling heterogeneous data with asymmetric and heavy tail behaviour. Recently, they have been exploited as an effective tool for modelling flow cytometric data. A number of algorithms for the computation of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates for the model parameters of mixtures of MST distributions have been put forward in recent years. These implementations use various characterizations of the MST distribution, which are similar but not identical. While exact implementation of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm can be achieved for ‘restricted’ characterizations of the component skew t-distributions, Monte Carlo (MC) methods have been used to fit the ‘unrestricted’ models. In this paper, we review several recent fitting algorithms for finite mixtures of multivariate skew t-distributions, at the same time clarifying some of the connections between the various existing proposals. In particular, recent results have shown that the EM algorithm can be implemented exactly for faster computation of ML estimates for mixtures with unrestricted MST components. The gain in computational time is effected by noting that the semi-infinite integrals on the E-step of the EM algorithm can be put in the form of moments of the truncated multivariate non-central t-distribution, similar to the restricted case, which subsequently can be expressed in terms of the non-truncated form of the central t-distribution function for which fast algorithms are available. We present comparisons to illustrate the relative performance of the restricted and unrestricted models, and demonstrate the usefulness of the recently proposed methodology for the unrestricted MST mixture, by some applications to three real datasets. 相似文献