A Model of the Consumption Response to Fiscal Stimulus Payments

A wide body of empirical evidence finds that approximately 25 percent of fiscal stimulus payments (e.g., tax rebates) are spent on nondurable household consumption in the quarter that they are received. To interpret this fact, we develop a structural economic model where households can hold two assets: a low‐return liquid asset (e.g., cash, checking account) and a high‐return illiquid asset that carries a transaction cost (e.g., housing, retirement account). The optimal life‐cycle pattern of portfolio choice implies that many households in the model are “wealthy hand‐to‐mouth”: they hold little or no liquid wealth despite owning sizable quantities of illiquid assets. Therefore, they display large propensities to consume out of additional transitory income, and small propensities to consume out of news about future income. We document the existence of such households in data from the Survey of Consumer Finances. A version of the model parameterized to the 2001 tax rebate episode yields consumption responses to fiscal stimulus payments that are in line with the evidence, and an order of magnitude larger than in the standard “one‐asset” framework. The model's nonlinearities with respect to the rebate size and the prevailing aggregate economic conditions have implications for policy design.     

中国生育率的地区差异及其政策选择

本文对中国妇女生育率的发展现况进行了客观的估计 ,分析了生育率及其地区差异的特点 ,从内容、可行性、合理性等不同角度对现行生育政策进行了审视 ,指出了现行生育政策条件下中国妇女生育率的发展趋势。面对社会经济和人口发展过程中面临的诸多人口问题与挑战 ,从是否需要调整、调整幅度与如何调整三方面对生育政策调整问题进行了深入的分析 ,讨论了各种可能的生育政策调整方案 ,并提出了自己的一些对策建议。     

出生性别比控制政策的认知及社会支持——对湖北省8县市的调查分析

基于 2 0 0 3年 7月“湖北省性别比控制的社会政策分析”抽样调查数据的分析 ,发现 :多数人支持出生性别比控制政策 ,其中对于宏观的控制政策支持率高 ,而对于一些可能与自身利益冲突的具体控制政策 ,很多人持保留态度 ;地区间对政策的认知和支持存在差异 ;性别间的认知和支持也存在差异 ;而年龄对出生性别比社会控制的影响不明显。     

Fifteen years later: Can residential mobility programs provide a long-term escape from neighborhood segregation,crime, and poverty

We examined whether the Gautreaux residential mobility program, which moved poor black volunteer families who were living in inner-city Chicago into more-affluent and integrated neighborhoods, produced long-run improvements in the neighborhood environments of the participants. We found that although all the participants moved in the 6 to 22 years since their initial placements, they continued to reside in neighborhoods with income levels that matched those of their placement neighborhoods. Families who were placed in higher-income, mostly white neighborhoods were currently living in the most-affluent neighborhoods. Families who were placed in lower-crime and suburban locations were most likely to reside in low-crime neighborhoods years later.     

Informal Support Networks of Low-Income Senior Women Living Alone: Evidence from Fort St. John,BC

Within the context of an aging Canadian rural and small-town landscape, there is a growing trend of low-income senior women living alone. While there is a perception that rural seniors have well-developed social networks to meet their daily needs, some research suggests that economic and social restructuring processes have impacted the stability of seniors' support networks in small places. While much of the research on seniors' informal networks focuses upon small towns in decline, booming resource economies can also produce challenges for low-income senior women living alone due to both a higher cost of living and the retrenchment of government and service supports. Under such circumstances, an absence of informal supports can impact seniors' health and quality of life and may lead to premature institutionalization. Drawing upon a household survey in Fort St. John, British Columbia, we explore informal supports used by low-income senior women living alone in this different context of the Canadian landscape. Our findings indicate that these women not only have a support network that is comparable to other groups, but that they are also more likely to draw upon such supports to meet their independent-living needs. These women rely heavily on family support, however, and greater efforts are needed to diversify both their formal and informal sources of support as small family networks can quickly become overwhelmed.     

Gender Differences in Charitable Giving in Great Britain

The predominant part of the literature states that women are more likely to donate to charitable causes but men are more generous in terms of the amount given. The last result generally derives from the focus on mean amount given. This article examines gender differences in giving focusing on the distribution of amounts donated and the probability of giving using micro-data on individual giving to charitable causes for Great Britain. Results indicate that women are generally more generous than men also in terms of the amounts donated. Quantile regression analysis shows that this pattern is robust if we take into account gender differences in individual characteristics such as household structure, education, and income. The article also investigates differences in gender preferences for varying charitable causes. Results are presented separately for single and married people, highlighting the very different gender patterns of giving behaviour found in the two groups.

论教育产品的生产经营

随着我国教育市场的逐步开放,我们必须重新审视我国的学校教育现状,重新认识教育产品的性质,构建学校经营的理念,从教育产品的生产流程、生产规模确定以及销售方面着手,搞好教育产品的生产经营,实现学校教育的跨越式发展,以利于我国教育市场的进一步完善。     

论黑格尔的婚姻伦理观及其现代价值

在《法哲学原理》中黑格尔对婚姻伦理作了深刻剖析,他反对从"性爱"关系和"契约"关系出发认识婚姻的本质,而把婚姻关系的本质界定为具有"精神性实体"的"伦理"关系;从伦理视角出发,他把"具有法的意义的伦理性的爱"规定为婚姻缔结的道德基础;在维护婚姻关系的神圣性上,他认为遵循一夫一妻制和举行婚礼仪式有着积极的伦理意义,并从"精神实体"出发阐释了一夫一妻制合理性的道德哲学基础。黑格尔的婚姻伦理观对稳固现代婚姻关系可提供有益的参考。     

王安石在皖经历散考

王安石任舒州三年,是他任地方官时间较长一次,也是他为解除农民困苦、破解当时经济困局思考最多的时期之一。可以说,后来变法的一些政治设计,在舒州任上已具雏形。文章主要就其在舒州任上经历及其前后在皖诗文、交游的相关本事和题旨进行考索。     

肝移植术后不常规放置腹腔引流管安全性及可行性探讨

目的:探讨肝移植术后不放置腹腔引流管的安全性及可行性?方法:回顾2010年1月~2013年8月在南京医科大学第一附属医院肝移植中心行肝移植术的患者资料,根据术中是否放置腹腔引流管分成引流组(n = 63)和非引流组(n = 112)?分析比较患者术前因素?术中因素以及围手术期并发症和住院时间?结果:患者在术前因素及术中腔静脉阻断时间?门静脉阻断时间及术中出血?输血情况均未见显著差异?两组患者术后并发症分级(P = 0.78)以及腹腔引流管相关并发症(出血?胆漏?大量腹水?切口渗液等)均未见明显差异?而两组在ICU住院天数及术后住院天数有显著差异(P < 0.01)?结论:肝移植术后不放置腹腔引流管是安全的?