反思窥视法 ———中国乡村民族志中的乡村中心主义与尴尬

文章从明恩溥的＂窥视法＂比喻入手,探讨了中国乡村民族志田野工作中隐含的乡村中心主义与尴尬问题。文章首先讨论了乡村中心主义的持续影响,即农村代表＂真正的＂中国的观点。它将农村和城市割裂开来,并否认农村也有现代日常生活。若承认如今中国农村也出现了现代日常生活,并且普通百姓清楚乡村中心主义和它的对立面（城市中心主义和现代性）,那我们就需要找到合适的研究方法去处理日常生活中乡村主义和现代主义表述的社会用途与纠葛。文章接着论证了＂反思窥视法＂正是一种合适的方法。从笔者在湖北省西南部做田野调查遇到的尴尬入手,笔者认为＂窥视法＂的窘境是一个反思当代中国乡村道德话语与行为日益模糊的好起点。     

Would Palliative Care Patients Benefit from Social Workers' Retaining the Traditional 'Casework' Role rather than Working as Care Managers? A Prospective Serial Qualitative Interview Study

Social workers have made a significant contribution to the developmentand delivery of palliative care. Both palliative care and socialwork are rapidly evolving but, given their changing contextsand increasing workloads, can they sustain compatibility? Advancesin treatment of life-threatening illness mean that people livelonger in a period of palliative care. Social work has undergoneradical change in the wake of the 1990 NHS and Community CareAct and subsequent local-authority modernizations, with socialworkers now given the role of care managers, rather than themore traditional ‘casework’ or therapeutic role.This paper aims to explore the current and potential role ofthe social worker in palliative care for people with cancerand other prolonged life-threatening illness. It draws uponevidence from a prospective qualitative, patient-centred researchstudy, which detailed the experiences of forty people with lungcancer and advanced cardiac failure, and their personal andprofessional carers (Murray et al., 2002). A total of two hundredand nineteen qualitative interviews were carried out. We found that social workers were conspicuous by their absencefrom the lives of these forty vulnerable adults, who were livingand dying in the community with many unmet needs which, potentially,could be met by social-work input. The study highlights sixareas of concern in which social-work assessment and interventioncould have impacted on dying patients’ quality of lifeand that of their carers: loss and dependency, family-centredissues, carers’ needs, practical tasks, emotional andspiritual struggles, and finally, support needs of staff. Theseareas are outlined to explore the territory which a social workermight inhabit if resources and policies permitted.     

Extreme longevity in five countries

Data on the maximum age at death and other indicators of extreme longevity are assembled for five countries (Sweden, England & Wales, France, Japan, and the United States) over various time periods. The raw data are shown in both graphical and tabular formats. Two types of measures are presented: the extreme ages at death reported for a given year (i.e., the maximum, second, third, and fourth highest), and the upper percentiles of the age distribution of deaths by year. The analysis demonstrates that the upper tail of the age distribution of deaths has moved steadily higher over a period of at least 130 years in Sweden. Similar trends are observed (over shorter time periods) for other countries, although in many cases it is argued that the raw data are flawed due to misstatement (in particular, exaggeration) of age at death.Des données sur l'âge maximum au décès et sur d'autres indicateurs de longévité extrême sont rassemblées ici pour cinq pays (Suède, Angleterre et Pays de Galles, France, Japon et Etats-Unis) et sur diverses périodes. Les données brutes sont présentées à la fois de façon graphique et sous forme de tableaux. Deux types de mesures sont présentés: les âges extrêmes au décès pour une année donnée (c'est-à-dire le maximum et les trois autres âges successifs), et les centiles supérieurs de la distribution des décès par année. L'analyse montre que l'extrémé supérieure de la distribution des âges au décès a crû de façon réguliere sur une période d'au moins 130 années en Suède. Des tendances similaires sont observées (sur de plus courtes périodes) pour les autres pays, bien que dans de nombreux cas on puisse montrer que les données brutes sont imparfaites du fait d'une déclaration incorrecte (en particulier d'une exagération) de l'âge au décès.     

历史的道德旨趣——康德关于历史符号的理论

康德认为 ,没有一个关于历史的道德旨趣 ,道德行为者的自律是不稳固的。康德试图这样描述历史的道德旨趣 ,充分挖掘“包涵先天原则的普遍历史的观念” ,同时 ,他认为能产生一个关于道德世界的反思性观念的实践理性 ,需要创造一个历史的道德旨趣以便超越个人的目标。康德关于历史符号的理论讨论的是这样一个问题 :历史的进程并不能直接由经验决定 ,这种进步是按照具有绝对必然性的实践理性的原则进行的。被当成符号的人类经验具有肯定功能 ,它们避免了自然与理性的二分 ,因为它们的源头是想像 ,想像是一个枢纽 ,想像能够传达消息。理性在一个扩大的领域内不能获得善 ,相反 ,是它创造了善 ,这就是为什么理性以历史的道德旨趣为基础的原因。